midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Youth pre 1600s (Medival times)
A
- “childhood” did not exist as we know it
- low parent-child attachment, high infant mortality rates
- 11th century english common law
- Youth under age 7 lack understanding of right and wrong
- Doli incapax: “incapable of wrongdoing” for age 7-14
2
Q
youth in 1800s (industrial revolution)
A
- Child labour laws → youth less involved in work
- State-funded & sponsored schools beginning in 1840s
- education and “child savers”: control morality of “unfit” parents
3
Q
1900s-present day
A
- Discovery of “adolesence” a Unique period of rapid brain development age 10-19
- Different expectations for youth and adults
Entirely separate systems for youth and adults offenders - 1908 juvenile delinquents act (JDA)
“Juvenille delinquent” is a legal status
4
Q
Lead up to YCJA
A
- Precursor: YOA from 1984- 2002
YCJA implemented in 2003 - YCJA less punitive than the YOA, but results in a bifurcated system
5
Q
Purpose of the YCJA
A
- Preamble: Outlines primary goals/purpose of the YCJA
- Reduce overreliance on incarceration
6
Q
Principles of the YCJA
A
- Protect the public by Holding youth accountable
- Recognize the special status of youth
- Respect individual differences & needs
- Rights of youth, parents, and victims
7
Q
YCJA Modification: Presumptive offence
A
- presumptive offence: Serious, violent offences committed by “older” youth
- Transfer to adult court for presumptive offences: Possible for 14+, Automatic for 16+ unless the defence shows why the case should be tried in youth court
8
Q
YCJA modification: Bill C-10
A
Bill C-10
- Eliminated presumptive offence, No youth sentences served in adult facilities
- Publication of names at the judge’s discretion, expanded violent offense definitions, added deterrence & denunciation
9
Q
Defining and identifying youth crime
A
- Measurement: specific definition of youth crime and youth offender
- Reliablility: consistency and replication
- Validity: accuracy, measures what we think were mesuring
10
Q
Impact of Media
A
- Main source of crime data for the average person
- False information: Crime is always getting worse –> Increases fear of crime (moral panic)
- Perpetuates stereotypes
11
Q
Types of official records
A
- Information known to government (statistics Canada)
- Police: Direct observation or Citizen reporting (UCR and CSI)
- Courts: Cases serious enough to be processed through courts
- Corrections: Cases that result in correctional program/sentence
12
Q
Concerns of Official records
A
- Reliability
- “dark figure of crime”
- Filtered through justice system agencies
(over-representation of race) - Lack of detailed information
13
Q
Types of Self report surveys
A
- Offending: Individuals self-report their crimes, based on “actual” offending = less bias, boys commit more crime than girls but girls commit similar types
- Victimization: reported personal and vicarious experiences
14
Q
Methods of Self report surveys
A
- In person (school-, home-based), phone, online
- Cross-sectional: Data from a single time point (ie ask a bunch of people who saw it happen see what adds up)
- Longitudinal: Data from the same individuals over time (ie keep asking person over time to see what parts of story add up)
15
Q
Concerns of Self report surveys
A
- Truthfulness of respondents; intentional or unintentional
- No systematic data collection
- No representation for victimless or undetected crimes
