final Flashcards
what is police contact, what are its 2 types
police contact is Any face-to-face encounter between youth &
officer
- Citizen-initiated: Request for service, reporting crimes
- Officer initiated: questioning, suspected of crime
what is discretion in police contact (definition)
- Discretion: Decision-making power that police have with minimal legal requirements
what are the types of Extra Judicial Measures (what police decide in the moment hint 3)
types of EMJS:
- Warnings (“next time i catch you ill arrest you”)
- Police caution (informing the parents)
- Referral (youth gets sent to program like the ART program)
what are the Legal and extra-legal decision making factors in police contact (definition and example)
- Legal factors: factors defined by law (type of offense, presence of weapon, prior contact etc)
- extra-legal factors: factors outside the jurisdiction of law (characteristics of offender ie demeanor, geographical factors ie crime rates of area)
What is Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC)
- DMC: higher rates of contact with police among youth of a specific minority group
what is police contact in schools
First School Resource Officer (SRO) programs beginning in the 1950
- Officer-led education programs such (DARE)
- Protect students from internal and external threats at school (school shootings)
- school board and student lead movements to remove officers from school
what are the considerations for adolescent development with police contact (what do police consider when dealing with youth)
police officers must consider that:
- Brain development continues into late 20s (youth might be hostile or angsty)
- Malleability of youth’s attitudes toward police (negative encounters with police at a young age go a long way)
- Impact of investigative & interrogation techniques (Youth understand that they have rights, but not that they can exercise them)
what are the NON-CUSTODIAL sentencing options (hint: 8 total)
- Judicial reprimand: lectured by someone
- Absolute discharge: No criminal record
- Conditional discharge: Record will be erased if certain conditions are met (think trainspotting rehab scene)
- Fines: max. $1000
- Community service (picking up garbage)
- Probation
- Intensive supervision (house arrest)
- Non-residential attendance order (Rehabilitation think ART program)
what is CUSTODIAL sentencings for youth
- sentenced to custody arrested, prison etc
-only used as last resort
- youth sentencing max. 10 years in custody
- sentence is automatically reviewed after 1 year, youth can request review after 6 month
what are the top 5 most COMMON CASES in court
(what are people sent to just COURT for)
- Theft
- Common assault
- Break & enter
- Failure to comply (not complying with officers, trying to escape cops)
- Mischief
what are the top 5 most common CUSTODIAL SENTENCINGS
(What are people sent to PRISON for)
- Attempted murder
- Unlawfully at large (violating parole)
- Prostitution
- Homicide
- Robbery
who is in court & custody (hint: statistics like age, gender, race)
- 75% of court cases & correctional admissions are male
- most are ages 16-17, 24% of people in corrections are 17 yo
- Indigenous youth overrepresented in
courts & corrections: 35% of admissions, 54% of custody
why is there an underrepresentation of girls in the criminal justice system
Socialization, monitoring, & opportunities:
- Boys: increased thrills & activity with less supervision = more crime
- Girls: increased caring & safety with more supervision = less crime
- Police charges: 44% girls v. 55% boys
why is there an over-representation of indigenous youth in the cjs
- Racialized crime: ceremonies such as potlatches banned results in fines
- Under and over-policing of indigenous areas
- Lack of Indigenous policing initiatives
- Missing & Murdered Indigenous Women & Girls (victimization affects over-representation)
When does the YCJA guidelines say EJMS should be used
- YCJA says EJMS are good enough for non-serious, first-time offenders, it Can be used again for youth who previously received EJMs
