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Discovering Biology: Hormones > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormone released: hypothalamus

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and oxytocin

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2
Q

Hormone released: posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

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3
Q

Hormone released: anterior pituitary

A

Gonadotropins: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

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4
Q

Hormone released: testes

A

Androgens (testosterone)

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5
Q

Hormone released: ovaries

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

Hormone released: placenta

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, and progesterone

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7
Q

Target tissue/organ: GnRH from the hypothalamus

A

Anterior pituitary

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8
Q

Target tissue/organ: Oxytocin from the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

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9
Q

Target tissue/organ: Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary

A

Uterus/mammary glands

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10
Q

Target tissue/organ: FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

A

Gonads (ovaries and testes)

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11
Q

Target tissue/organ: Androgens from the testes

A

Gonads, skin, bone, and muscles

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12
Q

Target tissue/organ: Estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries

A

Gonads, skin, bone, and muscles

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13
Q

Target tissue/organ: hCG, estrogen, and progesterone from the placenta

A

Corpus luteum, placenta, fetus

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14
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) function

A

Regulates anterior pituitary
hormones for gonads

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15
Q

Hypothalamus oxytocin function

A

Stimulates uterine muscle
contractions, and stimulates
release of milk during
breastfeeding

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary oxytocin function

A

Stimulates uterine muscle
contractions, and stimulates
release of milk during
breastfeeding

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17
Q

Anterior pituitary FSH and LH function

A

Egg and sperm production, sex
hormone (testosterone, estrogen
& progesterone) production

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18
Q

Androgens from the testes function

A

Stimulate male sex characteristics

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19
Q

Estrogen and progesterone from ovaries function

A

Stimulate female sex characteristics

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20
Q

hCG, estrogen, and progesterone from the placenta function

A

Development of the fetus, and
maintenance of pregnancy

21
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • located at the base of the brain
  • secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland
  • (in addition to controlling water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure)
22
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • below the brain
  • no larger than a pea
  • controls many functions of the other endocrine glands.
23
Q

Ovary

A
  • on both sides of the uterus
  • below the opening of the Fallopian tubes - contain the egg cells necessary for reproduction
  • produce estrogen and
    progesterone.
24
Q

Testes FUNCTION

A

produce testosterone and sperm

25
Q

Placenta

A
  • connects fetus to the wall of the mother’s uterus
  • grows in the wall of the uterus and is attached to the fetus within the
    uterine cavity by the umbilical cord.
  • produces chorionic gonadotropin which
    stimulates the corpus luteum to continue releasing progesterone during early pregnancy.
  • produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain both the uterus and
    placenta
26
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Below the hypothalamus

27
Q

What is the HPG? Describe

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis; negative feedback loop
- Hyp produces GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
- Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH after stimulation by GnRH
- FSH and LH promote production of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone depending on sex, these hormones feedback to the hyp to shut down the process

28
Q

What hormone predicts ovulation?

A

LH; huge spike right before ovulation

29
Q

What hormone is only produced when pregnant and thus is used to detect pregnancy?

A

hcG; human chorionic gonadotropin; produced only when pregnant (by placenta)

30
Q

XY sex determination pathway

A

Y chromosome has srYgene → srYgene produces TDF hormone (testis determining factor) → acts on primitive gonads to produce MIS (Mullerian Inhibiting Substance) to prevent female structures // produces testosterone to create Wolffian ducts and thus male structures

31
Q

XX sex determination pathway

A

No testosterone → no development of Wolffian duct // no MIS → development of Mullerian ducts and thus female structures

32
Q

What is the one relevant example of a positive feedback loop?

A

Oxytocin release during labor; Stretching of cervix = release of oxytocin = stretching of the cervix, cyclic

33
Q

First fourteen days of menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase; follicular growth and egg maturation

34
Q

Anterior pituitary produces which two gonadotropins?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

35
Q

How long does the corpus luteum stay intact?

A

Until the second trimester

36
Q

What prevents uterine lining from shedding during pregnancy?

A

High progesterone and estrogen

37
Q

Corpus luteum function

A

Produce progesterone to maintain uterine lining until the placenta can take over

38
Q

What does the placenta produce?

A

hCG, progesterone, etc.

39
Q

How long is a trimester?

A

13 weeks

40
Q

How long is pregnancy?

A

~270 days; 38.5 weeks

41
Q

Calcineuron

A

protein that helps sperm swim; can cause infertility if production gene is inhibited

42
Q

Eppin

A

Nonhormonal male contraceptive pill; inhibits sperm motility

43
Q

YCT529

A

male nonhormonal contraceptive pill; blocks vitamin a receptor, 99% affective in mice

44
Q

Estrogen levels increase ___ by childbirth

A

30x

45
Q

Parturition

A

Birth

46
Q

Egg span

A

24-48 hours after ov unless fertilized

47
Q

Sperm span

A

1-4 days

48
Q

Pineal gland function

A

Melatonin secretion

Discovering Biology: Hormones (2 decks)

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