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Discovering Biology: Hormones > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

hypothalamus: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

base of the brain, hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland, controls water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure

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2
Q

pineal gland: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

middle of the brain, melatonin, regulate circadian clock

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3
Q

pituitary gland: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

below the brain, controls many functions of other endocrine glands

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4
Q

thyroid: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

front of the neck, metabolism

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5
Q

adrenal glands: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

on top of the kidneys, corticosteroid hormones and epinephrine, maintaining blood pressure and regulating
metabolism

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6
Q

gut: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

stomach, small & large intestine, regulates digestion and hunger

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7
Q

adipose tissue: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

all over body, leptin, regulation of hunger and fat storage

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8
Q

pancreas: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

behind the stomach, insulin and glucagon, regulate blood sugar and digestion

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9
Q

ovaries: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

either side of uterus, estrogen and progesterone, contain eggs and release sex hormones

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10
Q

testis: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

outside body, testosterone, contain sperm and release sex hormone

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11
Q

placenta: location, hormone type/produced, function

A

inside uterus, human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), estrogen + progesterone, stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone

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12
Q

hypothalamus: thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

targets anterior pituitary to stimulate release of TSH

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13
Q

hypothalamus: corticotropin releasing hormone

A

promotes production of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

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14
Q

hypothalamus: gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

promotes production of FSH and LH in anterior pituitary

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15
Q

hypothalamus: growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

promotes production of growth hormone

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16
Q

hypothalamus: oxytocin

A

stimulates production of oxytocin in pituitary

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17
Q

hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates production of ADH in pituitary

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18
Q

posterior pituitary: oxytocin

A

targets uterus and mammary glands, stimulates uterine contractions during labor, release of milk by mammary glands

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19
Q

posterior pituitary: antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

A

stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys

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20
Q

anterior pituitary: FSH

A

targets gonads, egg development, sperm production and maturation, promote sex hormone production which feedback to inhibit FSH and LH production

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21
Q

anterior pituitary: LH

A

targets gonads, ovulation (egg release), promote sex hormone production which feedback to inhibit FSH and LH production

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22
Q

anterior pituitary: prolactin

A

breast growth/milk release after birth

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23
Q

anterior pituitary: growth hormone

A

targets soft tissue and bones to promote cell division, protein synthesis and bone growth

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24
Q

anterior pituitary: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates release of thyroid hormones

25
Q

anterior pituitary: adrenocorticotropin hormone

A

targets adrenal glands to produce cortisol

26
Q

pineal: melatonin

A

targets brain to control circadian and seasonal rhythms

27
Q

thyroid: thyroid hormone

A

targets all tissues and increases metabolic rate, regulating growth and development

28
Q

adrenal cortex: cortisol

A

targets all tissues, regulates blood pressure, long term stress response, day/night cycle, inflammation

29
Q

adrenal cortex: aldosterone

A

targets kidneys to regulate sodium and potassium levels, fluid levels and blood pressure

30
Q

adrenal medulla (under neural control): adrenaline/noradrenaline (a.k.a epinephrine/norepinephrine)

A

targets cardiac/other muscles, released in emergency situations and raises blood glucose levels (fight or flight response)

31
Q

stomach: gastrin

A

stimulates gastric juice production

32
Q

stomach: ghrelin

A

targets hypothalamus and the amygdala (reward center in brain) to regulate hunger (increases appetite)

33
Q

stomach: somatostatin

A

targets pituitary and gut to inhibit synthesis of ghrelin and gastrin

34
Q

intenstines: secretin

A

helps pancreas to neutralize acid, inhibits secretion of gastric acid in stomach

35
Q

intestines: cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

stimulates gallbladder to contract
and release bile into intestine and stimulates release of digestive
enzymes from the pancreas

36
Q

intestines: somatostatin

A

inhibits synthesis of CCK

37
Q

adipose tissue: leptin

A

regulates hunger (decreases appetite)

38
Q

pancreas: insulin

A

lowers blood glucose

39
Q

pancreas: glucagon

A

raises blood glucose

40
Q

pancreas: somatostatin

A

inhibits release of glucagon and insulin

41
Q

testes: androgens (testosterone)

A

targets gonads to promote male sex characteristics, inhibits FSH and LH

42
Q

ovaries: estrogen and progesterone

A

targets gonads to promote female sex characteristics, inhibits FSH and LH

43
Q

placenta: hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, progesterone

A

targets corpus luteum, placenta, and fetus to develop fetus and maintain pregnancy

44
Q

What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis? Describe

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis; negative feedback loop
- Hyp produces GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
- Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH after stimulation by GnRH
- FSH and LH promote production of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone depending on sex, these hormones feedback to the hyp to shut down the process

45
Q

What hormone predicts ovulation?

A

LH, large spike before ovulation

46
Q

What hormone is only produced when pregnant and thus is used to detect pregnancy?

A

hcG; human chorionic gonadotropin; produced only when pregnant (by placenta)

47
Q

First fourteen days of menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase; follicular growth and egg maturation

48
Q

XY sex determination pathway

A

Y chromosome has srYgene → srYgene produces TDF hormone (testis determining factor) → acts on primitive gonads to produce MIS (Mullerian Inhibiting Substance) to prevent female structures // produces testosterone to create Wolffian ducts and thus male structures

49
Q

XX sex determination pathway

A

No testosterone → no development of Wolffian duct // no MIS → development of Mullerian ducts and thus female structures

50
Q

What is the one relevant example of a positive feedback loop?

A

Oxytocin release during labor; Stretching of cervix = release of oxytocin = stretching of the cervix, cyclic

51
Q

How long is a trimester?

A

13 weeks

52
Q

How long is pregnancy?

A

~270 days

53
Q

what inhibits melatonin production?

A

light received through the eyes

54
Q

what fat is under the skin?

A

subcutaneous

55
Q

what fat surrounds organs?

A

visceral

56
Q

who has more visceral vs more subcutaneous gender wise?

A

men have more visceral, women have more subcutaneous

57
Q

what makes up the pancreas?

A

islets of langerhans

58
Q

type one diabetes

A

body does not produce insulin

59
Q

type two diabetes

A

body’s cells become resistant to insulin

Discovering Biology: Hormones (2 decks)

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