Midterm Flashcards by R A.

Q

Explains why human societies change through time

A

Sociocultural Evolution

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Q

How does society respond to the challenges posed by the environment?

A

they produce new forms of subsistence, acquire more knowledge, develop different levels of innovation, and apply these new forms of innovation and of technology to make use of the resources and adapt to the environment

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Q

What are the 6 societies in Sococultural Evolution?

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies
Horticultural Societies
Pastoral Societies
Agricultural & Neolithic Revolution
Industrial Societies
Post-Industrial Societies

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Q

oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals and gather plants and vegetation for food.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Men are tasked to hunt large animals; Women are responsible for the collection of vegetation and other crops.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Nomadic, lives in small groups and the leader of the group is a shaman.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

live in caves or pits or underground houses that are dug and covered with tree branches and leaves.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Religion: Animism (worship nature)

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Their problem is scarcity of food

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Semi-sedentary societies because they do not frequently move as opposed to the hunting and gathering societies

A

Horticultural Societies

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Q

small-scale farming and use hoes and digging sticks to bore holes in the grounds for seed planting

A

Horticultural Societies

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Q

surplus of food and engaged in making crafts and trading (barter system)

A

Horticultural Societies

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Q

developed in a dry region and they semi-sedentary

A

Pastoral Societies

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Q

principal means of subsistence is animal domestication

A

Pastoral Societies

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Q

animal herders and subsists based on the resource provided by their animals

A

Pastoral Societies

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Q

some members act as the ruling elite (inequality)

A

Pastoral Societies

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Q

began 5,000 years ago during the Neolithic Period

A

Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

Started to cultivate wheat, barley, peas, rice, and millet as farming became their means of subsistence and started to sustain a town

A

Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

Plant cultivation led to the rise _______

A

of early civilization (Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution)

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Q

Animal domestication provided important contributions and an additional source of nutrition

A

Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

People increased to millions (ex. Mesopotamia) and settled permanently and improved technology for farming

A

Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

Who created money and what period was this?

A

Lydians during the Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

what was the negative impact of agriculture?

A

social inequality

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Advanced forms of technology were applied, and machineries were invented

Industrial Societies

Created centralized workplaces, economic interdependence, formal education and complex social system

Industrial Societies

People choose to stay in the urban areas

Industrial Societies

Important development as an economic production focused on the use and application of new information technology

Post-industrial Societies

Centers on computers and other electronic devices

Post-industrial Societies

Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to service

Post-industrial Societies

Increase of professional and technical employment and the Decline of skilled and semi-skilled workers

Post-industrial Societies

Education as the basis of social mobility and the Application of “intellectual technology”

Post-industrial Societies

Human capital

Post-industrial Societies

Focus on communication infrastructure

Post-industrial Societies

Knowledge as a source of invention and innovation

Post-industrial Societies

What are the civilization class under political evolution?

Sumer Egypt Indus Valley Shang

Who is the leader of the Sumerian? The other social classes

Priest and Royalty Wealthy Merchants Ordinary Worker

Center of society of the Sumerians where only the priest and royalties could enter

Ziggurat

Who is the leader of the Egyptians? The other social classes

Pharaoh Government Officials Soldiers Scribes Merchants Craftsmen Peasants Slaves

Who is the leader of the Indus Valley? The other social classes

Brahmin (priest) Kshatriyas (the rich/warriors and rulers) Vaisyas (traders, artisans & merchants) Sudras (commoners, peasants, servants) Pariah (street sweepers, latrine cleaners)

What is the religion of the Indus Valley?

Hinduism

Who is the leader of the Shang People? The other social classes

King Priest Working Class (farmers, craftsmen, soldiers)

What kind of government did the Shang dynasty have?

Communism

What is Tabula Rasa?

John Locke’s theory that a baby's mind is a "blank slate"

Process by which people learn the requirements of their surroundings and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in the culture

Enculturation

Begins before birth and continues until death

Enculturation

Results in competence in the language, values, and rituals of the culture

Enculturation

Two Major Aspects of Enculturation

Informal – child training Formal – education

Lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

Socialization

Process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society

Socialization

Process which people can learn the rules and practices needed to participate in their culture and society

Socialization

A lifelong process where learning and accepting these rules and practices start with the family

Socialization

What are the agents of Socialization?

1. Family – language acquisition, relationships, rules, role models, behavior 2. Friends – trends 3. Religion – values, love for others, meaning of life, guidelines on how to live 4. Government – laws, sense of security, sanctions of punishment 5. Media – stereotype, trends, how to act

Important issues in society

Conformity and Deviance

When one is under pressure to do or not to do a certain act/decision in front of other people, he/she is identified as

Conformist or Deviant

Any actions that an individual chooses in a similar situation can be necessarily either _____

conformity or deviance

person can _____________ from different types of norms

conform or deviate

Neither ___________ is intrinsically good or bad.

conformity nor deviance

he/she chooses a course of action that a majority favors or that which is socially acceptable.

conformity

is essential for every member to do for the sake of the group

conformity

he/she performs a course of action that is not socially acceptable or that majority finds unfavorable.

deviance

______ as there is a range of societal reactions to deviance.

relative

Other norm violations are deemed disgraceful and beyond the limits of tolerance, while some seem trivial and generate little reaction.

Deviance

plays an important tool in ensuring conformity of all members to the norms and values of the group.

Socialization

refers to the techniques and strategies preventing deviant behavior in any society

Social Control

Way of instilling cultural conformity which often involves punishing rule-breaking

Social Control

attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior

Social Control

refers to diverse ways in which the behaviors of the members of a society are constrained into socially approved channels

Social Control

exists at all levels of society. Punishments include formal behavior and official and formal forms of discipline might range from parking tickets to imprisonment

Social Control

Forms of Deviance

Criminal Deviance Non-Criminal Deviance

violation of society’s formally enacted criminal law.

criminal deviance

most sociologist argued to focus on (xenophobia, homophobia, mental disorders,etc.)

non-criminal deviance

Other forms of deviance

Physical Deviance Sexual Deviance Deviance in Cyberspace Positive Deviance

most visible form of deviance and evoke stereotypes, stigma, and discrimination.

Physical deviance

exotic dancers, strippers, sex tourism and anonymous sex in the public restrooms, bisexuality, online sexual predators, prostitutes, premarital chastity

Sexual Deviance

relatively new phenomenon. (online pedophile, subculture, cyberbullying, online misbehavior of college students, “sexting”, and the illegal downloading of music, movies, and readings)

Deviance in Cyberspace

a contradiction in terms or an oxymoron. intentional behaviors that significantly depart from the norms of a referent group in an honorable way.

Positive Deviance

a theory by Robert Merton

STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY

Extension of the Functionalist Perspective on Deviance as it traces the origins of deviance to the tensions that are caused by the gap between cultural goals and the means people have available to achieve those goals.

Structural Strain Theory

How does deviance happen according to the Structural Strain Theory

when individuals set themselves to reach societal goals despite the absence of conventional means to achieve them.

Merton started with “goals” (i.e economic success) set by society for its members to reach and the “means” (i.e opportunities) it provided them to do so. Society at times fails to provide the necessary, time, and appropriate means (social inequality) that deviance is likely to occur.

Structural Strain Theory

what does "structural strain" mean

processes at the societal level that filter down and affect how the individual perceives his or her needs.

what are the impacts of these strains?

it can insinuate social structures within society that then pressure citizens to become criminals.

general categories with regards to their relationship to culturally accepted goals and their means of achieving these goals

5 modes of adaption

What are the 5 modes of adoption?

Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion

people who believe in both the established cultural goals of society, as well as the normative means for attaining those goals. They follow the rules of society

Conformist

they accept the cultural goals of society but reject the conventional methods of attaining those goals. (criminals)

Innovators

individuals who do not believe in the established cultural goals of society, but they do believe in and abide by the means for attaining those goals.

Ritualist

reject both cultural goals and accepted means of attaining those goals. They simply avoid both without replacing with their own countercultural forces.

Retreatists

not only rejects both the established cultural goals and accepted means of attaining those goals; they also substitute new goals and new means of attaining these goals

Rebels