Midterm Flashcards by R A. | Brainscape

Q

Explains why human societies change through time

A

Sociocultural Evolution

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Q

How does society respond to the challenges posed by the environment?

A

they produce new forms of subsistence, acquire more knowledge, develop different levels of innovation, and apply these new forms of innovation and of technology to make use of the resources and adapt to the environment

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Q

What are the 6 societies in Sococultural Evolution?

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies
Horticultural Societies
Pastoral Societies
Agricultural & Neolithic Revolution
Industrial Societies
Post-Industrial Societies

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Q

oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals and gather plants and vegetation for food.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Men are tasked to hunt large animals; Women are responsible for the collection of vegetation and other crops.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Nomadic, lives in small groups and the leader of the group is a shaman.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

live in caves or pits or underground houses that are dug and covered with tree branches and leaves.

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Religion: Animism (worship nature)

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Their problem is scarcity of food

A

Hunting and Gathering Societies

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Q

Semi-sedentary societies because they do not frequently move as opposed to the hunting and gathering societies

A

Horticultural Societies

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Q

small-scale farming and use hoes and digging sticks to bore holes in the grounds for seed planting

A

Horticultural Societies

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Q

surplus of food and engaged in making crafts and trading (barter system)

A

Horticultural Societies

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Q

developed in a dry region and they semi-sedentary

A

Pastoral Societies

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Q

principal means of subsistence is animal domestication

A

Pastoral Societies

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Q

animal herders and subsists based on the resource provided by their animals

A

Pastoral Societies

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Q

some members act as the ruling elite (inequality)

A

Pastoral Societies

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Q

began 5,000 years ago during the Neolithic Period

A

Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

Started to cultivate wheat, barley, peas, rice, and millet as farming became their means of subsistence and started to sustain a town

A

Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

Plant cultivation led to the rise _______

A

of early civilization (Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution)

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Q

Animal domestication provided important contributions and an additional source of nutrition

A

Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

People increased to millions (ex. Mesopotamia) and settled permanently and improved technology for farming

A

Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

Who created money and what period was this?

A

Lydians during the Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution

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Q

what was the negative impact of agriculture?

A

social inequality

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Q

Advanced forms of technology were applied, and machineries were invented

A

Industrial Societies

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Q

Created centralized workplaces, economic interdependence, formal education and complex social system

A

Industrial Societies

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Q

People choose to stay in the urban areas

A

Industrial Societies

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Q

Important development as an economic production focused on the use and application of new information technology

A

Post-industrial Societies

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Q

Centers on computers and other electronic devices

A

Post-industrial Societies

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Q

Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to service

A

Post-industrial Societies

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Q

Increase of professional and technical employment and the Decline of skilled and semi-skilled workers

A

Post-industrial Societies

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Q

Education as the basis of social mobility and the Application of “intellectual technology”

A

Post-industrial Societies

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Q

Human capital

A

Post-industrial Societies

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Q

Focus on communication infrastructure

A

Post-industrial Societies

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Q

Knowledge as a source of invention and innovation

A

Post-industrial Societies

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Q

What are the civilization class under political evolution?

A

Sumer
Egypt
Indus Valley
Shang

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Q

Who is the leader of the Sumerian? The other social classes

A

Priest and Royalty

Wealthy Merchants
Ordinary Worker

Q

Center of society of the Sumerians where only the priest and royalties could enter

A

Ziggurat

Q

Who is the leader of the Egyptians? The other social classes

A

Pharaoh

Government Officials
Soldiers
Scribes
Merchants
Craftsmen
Peasants
Slaves

Q

Who is the leader of the Indus Valley? The other social classes

A

Brahmin (priest)

Kshatriyas (the rich/warriors and rulers)
Vaisyas (traders, artisans & merchants)
Sudras (commoners, peasants, servants)
Pariah (street sweepers, latrine cleaners)

Q

What is the religion of the Indus Valley?

A

Hinduism

Q

Who is the leader of the Shang People? The other social classes

A

King Priest

Working Class (farmers, craftsmen, soldiers)

Q

What kind of government did the Shang dynasty have?

A

Communism

Q

What is Tabula Rasa?

A

John Locke’s theory that a baby’s mind is a “blank slate”

Q

Process by which people learn the requirements of their surroundings and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in the culture

A

Enculturation

Q

Begins before birth and continues until death

A

Enculturation

Q

Results in competence in the language, values, and rituals of the culture

A

Enculturation

Q

Two Major Aspects of Enculturation

A

Informal – child training
Formal – education

Q

Lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

A

Socialization

Q

Process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society

A

Socialization

Q

Process which people can learn the rules and practices needed to participate in their culture and society

A

Socialization

Q

A lifelong process where learning and accepting these rules and practices start with the family

A

Socialization

Q

What are the agents of Socialization?

A

Family – language acquisition, relationships, rules, role models, behavior
Friends – trends
Religion – values, love for others, meaning of life, guidelines on how to live
Government – laws, sense of security, sanctions of punishment
Media – stereotype, trends, how to act

Q

Important issues in society

A

Conformity and Deviance

Q

When one is under pressure to do or not to do a certain act/decision in front of other people, he/she is identified as

A

Conformist or Deviant

Q

Any actions that an individual chooses in a similar situation can be necessarily either _____

A

conformity or deviance

Q

person can _____________ from different types of norms

A

conform or deviate

Q

Neither ___________ is intrinsically good or bad.

A

conformity nor deviance

Q

he/she chooses a course of action that a majority favors or that which is socially acceptable.

A

conformity

Q

is essential for every member to do for the sake of the group

A

conformity

Q

he/she performs a course of action that is not socially acceptable or that majority finds unfavorable.

A

deviance

Q

______ as there is a range of societal reactions to deviance.

A

relative

Q

Other norm violations are deemed disgraceful and beyond the limits of tolerance, while some seem trivial and generate little reaction.

A

Deviance

Q

plays an important tool in ensuring conformity of all members to the norms and values of the group.

A

Socialization

Q

refers to the techniques and strategies preventing deviant behavior in any society

A

Social Control

Q

Way of instilling cultural conformity which often involves punishing rule-breaking

A

Social Control

Q

attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior

A

Social Control

Q

refers to diverse ways in which the behaviors of the members of a society are constrained into socially approved channels

A

Social Control

Q

exists at all levels of society.

Punishments include formal behavior and official and formal forms of discipline might range from parking tickets to imprisonment

A

Social Control

Q

Forms of Deviance

A

Criminal Deviance
Non-Criminal Deviance

Q

violation of society’s formally enacted criminal law.

A

criminal deviance

Q

most sociologist argued to focus on (xenophobia, homophobia, mental disorders,etc.)

A

non-criminal deviance

Q

Other forms of deviance

A

Physical Deviance
Sexual Deviance
Deviance in Cyberspace
Positive Deviance

Q

most visible form of deviance and evoke stereotypes, stigma,
and discrimination.

A

Physical deviance

Q

exotic dancers, strippers, sex tourism and anonymous sex in the public restrooms, bisexuality, online sexual predators, prostitutes, premarital chastity

A

Sexual Deviance

Q

relatively new phenomenon. (online pedophile, subculture, cyberbullying, online misbehavior of college students, “sexting”, and the illegal downloading of music, movies, and readings)

A

Deviance in Cyberspace

Q

a contradiction in terms or an oxymoron. intentional behaviors that significantly depart from the norms of a referent group in an honorable way.

A

Positive Deviance

Q

a theory by Robert Merton

A

STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY

Q

Extension of the Functionalist Perspective on Deviance as it traces the origins of deviance to the tensions that are caused by the gap between cultural goals and the means people have available to achieve those goals.

A

Structural Strain Theory

Q

How does deviance happen according to the Structural Strain Theory

A

when individuals set themselves to reach societal goals despite the absence of conventional means to achieve them.

Q

Merton started with “goals” (i.e economic success) set by society for its members to reach and the “means” (i.e opportunities) it provided them to do so. Society at times fails to provide the necessary, time, and appropriate means (social inequality) that deviance is likely to occur.

A

Structural Strain Theory

Q

what does “structural strain” mean

A

processes at the societal level that filter down and affect how the individual perceives his or her needs.

Q

what are the impacts of these strains?

A

it can insinuate social structures within society that then pressure citizens to become criminals.

Q

general categories with regards to their relationship to culturally accepted goals and their means of achieving these goals

A

5 modes of adaption

Q

What are the 5 modes of adoption?

A

Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion

Q

people who believe in both the established cultural goals of society, as well as the normative means for attaining those goals. They follow the rules of society

A

Conformist

Q

they accept the cultural goals of society but reject the conventional methods of attaining those goals. (criminals)

A

Innovators

Q

individuals who do not believe in the established cultural goals of society, but they do believe in and abide by the means for attaining those goals.

A

Ritualist

Q

reject both cultural goals and accepted means of attaining those goals. They simply avoid both without replacing with their own countercultural forces.

A

Retreatists

Q

not only rejects both the established cultural goals and accepted means of attaining those goals; they also substitute new goals and new means of attaining these goals

A

Rebels