Midterm Flashcards
Explains why human societies change through time
Sociocultural Evolution
How does society respond to the challenges posed by the environment?
they produce new forms of subsistence, acquire more knowledge, develop different levels of innovation, and apply these new forms of innovation and of technology to make use of the resources and adapt to the environment
What are the 6 societies in Sococultural Evolution?
- Hunting and Gathering Societies
- Horticultural Societies
- Pastoral Societies
- Agricultural & Neolithic Revolution
- Industrial Societies
- Post-Industrial Societies
oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals and gather plants and vegetation for food.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Men are tasked to hunt large animals; Women are responsible for the collection of vegetation and other crops.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Nomadic, lives in small groups and the leader of the group is a shaman.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
live in caves or pits or underground houses that are dug and covered with tree branches and leaves.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Religion: Animism (worship nature)
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Their problem is scarcity of food
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Semi-sedentary societies because they do not frequently move as opposed to the hunting and gathering societies
Horticultural Societies
small-scale farming and use hoes and digging sticks to bore holes in the grounds for seed planting
Horticultural Societies
surplus of food and engaged in making crafts and trading (barter system)
Horticultural Societies
developed in a dry region and they semi-sedentary
Pastoral Societies
principal means of subsistence is animal domestication
Pastoral Societies
animal herders and subsists based on the resource provided by their animals
Pastoral Societies
some members act as the ruling elite (inequality)
Pastoral Societies
began 5,000 years ago during the Neolithic Period
Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution
Started to cultivate wheat, barley, peas, rice, and millet as farming became their means of subsistence and started to sustain a town
Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution
Plant cultivation led to the rise _______
of early civilization (Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution)
Animal domestication provided important contributions and an additional source of nutrition
Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution
People increased to millions (ex. Mesopotamia) and settled permanently and improved technology for farming
Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution
Who created money and what period was this?
Lydians during the Agricultural and the Neolithic Revolution
what was the negative impact of agriculture?
social inequality
Advanced forms of technology were applied, and machineries were invented
Industrial Societies
Created centralized workplaces, economic interdependence, formal education and complex social system
Industrial Societies
People choose to stay in the urban areas
Industrial Societies
Important development as an economic production focused on the use and application of new information technology
Post-industrial Societies
Centers on computers and other electronic devices
Post-industrial Societies
Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to service
Post-industrial Societies
Increase of professional and technical employment and the Decline of skilled and semi-skilled workers
Post-industrial Societies
Education as the basis of social mobility and the Application of “intellectual technology”
Post-industrial Societies
Human capital
Post-industrial Societies
Focus on communication infrastructure
Post-industrial Societies
Knowledge as a source of invention and innovation
Post-industrial Societies
What are the civilization class under political evolution?
Sumer
Egypt
Indus Valley
Shang
Who is the leader of the Sumerian? The other social classes
Priest and Royalty
Wealthy Merchants
Ordinary Worker
Center of society of the Sumerians where only the priest and royalties could enter
Ziggurat
Who is the leader of the Egyptians? The other social classes
Pharaoh
Government Officials
Soldiers
Scribes
Merchants
Craftsmen
Peasants
Slaves
Who is the leader of the Indus Valley? The other social classes
Brahmin (priest)
Kshatriyas (the rich/warriors and rulers)
Vaisyas (traders, artisans & merchants)
Sudras (commoners, peasants, servants)
Pariah (street sweepers, latrine cleaners)
What is the religion of the Indus Valley?
Hinduism
Who is the leader of the Shang People? The other social classes
King Priest
Working Class (farmers, craftsmen, soldiers)
What kind of government did the Shang dynasty have?
Communism
What is Tabula Rasa?
John Locke’s theory that a baby’s mind is a “blank slate”
Process by which people learn the requirements of their surroundings and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in the culture
Enculturation
Begins before birth and continues until death
Enculturation
Results in competence in the language, values, and rituals of the culture
Enculturation
Two Major Aspects of Enculturation
Informal – child training
Formal – education
Lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
Socialization
Process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society
Socialization
Process which people can learn the rules and practices needed to participate in their culture and society
Socialization
A lifelong process where learning and accepting these rules and practices start with the family
Socialization
What are the agents of Socialization?
- Family – language acquisition, relationships, rules, role models, behavior
- Friends – trends
- Religion – values, love for others, meaning of life, guidelines on how to live
- Government – laws, sense of security, sanctions of punishment
- Media – stereotype, trends, how to act
Important issues in society
Conformity and Deviance
When one is under pressure to do or not to do a certain act/decision in front of other people, he/she is identified as
Conformist or Deviant
Any actions that an individual chooses in a similar situation can be necessarily either _____
conformity or deviance
person can _____________ from different types of norms
conform or deviate
Neither ___________ is intrinsically good or bad.
conformity nor deviance
he/she chooses a course of action that a majority favors or that which is socially acceptable.
conformity
is essential for every member to do for the sake of the group
conformity
he/she performs a course of action that is not socially acceptable or that majority finds unfavorable.
deviance
______ as there is a range of societal reactions to deviance.
relative
Other norm violations are deemed disgraceful and beyond the limits of tolerance, while some seem trivial and generate little reaction.
Deviance
plays an important tool in ensuring conformity of all members to the norms and values of the group.
Socialization
refers to the techniques and strategies preventing deviant behavior in any society
Social Control
Way of instilling cultural conformity which often involves punishing rule-breaking
Social Control
attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior
Social Control
refers to diverse ways in which the behaviors of the members of a society are constrained into socially approved channels
Social Control
exists at all levels of society.
Punishments include formal behavior and official and formal forms of discipline might range from parking tickets to imprisonment
Social Control
Forms of Deviance
Criminal Deviance
Non-Criminal Deviance
violation of society’s formally enacted criminal law.
criminal deviance
most sociologist argued to focus on (xenophobia, homophobia, mental disorders,etc.)
non-criminal deviance
Other forms of deviance
Physical Deviance
Sexual Deviance
Deviance in Cyberspace
Positive Deviance
most visible form of deviance and evoke stereotypes, stigma,
and discrimination.
Physical deviance
exotic dancers, strippers, sex tourism and anonymous sex in the public restrooms, bisexuality, online sexual predators, prostitutes, premarital chastity
Sexual Deviance
relatively new phenomenon. (online pedophile, subculture, cyberbullying, online misbehavior of college students, “sexting”, and the illegal downloading of music, movies, and readings)
Deviance in Cyberspace
a contradiction in terms or an oxymoron. intentional behaviors that significantly depart from the norms of a referent group in an honorable way.
Positive Deviance
a theory by Robert Merton
STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY
Extension of the Functionalist Perspective on Deviance as it traces the origins of deviance to the tensions that are caused by the gap between cultural goals and the means people have available to achieve those goals.
Structural Strain Theory
How does deviance happen according to the Structural Strain Theory
when individuals set themselves to reach societal goals despite the absence of conventional means to achieve them.
Merton started with “goals” (i.e economic success) set by society for its members to reach and the “means” (i.e opportunities) it provided them to do so. Society at times fails to provide the necessary, time, and appropriate means (social inequality) that deviance is likely to occur.
Structural Strain Theory
what does “structural strain” mean
processes at the societal level that filter down and affect how the individual perceives his or her needs.
what are the impacts of these strains?
it can insinuate social structures within society that then pressure citizens to become criminals.
general categories with regards to their relationship to culturally accepted goals and their means of achieving these goals
5 modes of adaption
What are the 5 modes of adoption?
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
people who believe in both the established cultural goals of society, as well as the normative means for attaining those goals. They follow the rules of society
Conformist
they accept the cultural goals of society but reject the conventional methods of attaining those goals. (criminals)
Innovators
individuals who do not believe in the established cultural goals of society, but they do believe in and abide by the means for attaining those goals.
Ritualist
reject both cultural goals and accepted means of attaining those goals. They simply avoid both without replacing with their own countercultural forces.
Retreatists
not only rejects both the established cultural goals and accepted means of attaining those goals; they also substitute new goals and new means of attaining these goals
Rebels
