Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Communication
A
the process by which we use symbols, signs, and behaviors to transfer information
2
Q
function
A
an explanation of how communication behaviors work to accomplish goals in personal, group, organization, or public situations
3
Q
affiliation
A
the affect, or feelings, we have for other
4
Q
relationships
A
the interconnection between 2 or more people required to achieve goals
5
Q
interdependence
A
mutual dependence, where the actions of each partner affect the other
6
Q
control
A
the ability of a person, group, or organization to influence situations, and the manner in which their relationship with others are conducted
7
Q
symbols
A
arbitrary constructions that refer to people, things, and concepts
8
Q
code
A
set of symbols that are joined to create a message
9
Q
encoding
A
the process of mentally constructing a message for production
10
Q
decoding
A
the process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it
11
Q
culture
A
shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people
12
Q
cocultures
A
smaller groups of people within a larger culture that are distinguished by features like race, religion, etc
13
Q
channels
A
the method through which communication occurs
14
Q
transactional
A
involving 2 or more people acting in both sender and receiver roles whose messages are dependent on influenced by those of their communication partner
15
Q
competent communication
A
communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation in which the communicators continually evaluate and reassess their own process
16
Q
behavioral flexibility
A
the ability to have a number of communication behaviors at your disposal and the willingness to use different behaviors in different situations
17
Q
communication skills
A
behavior based on social understandings that help communicators achieve their goal
18
Q
linear model
A
communication occurring in 1 direction
19
Q
sender
A
originates communication
20
Q
message
A
words or ctions from sender
21
Q
noise
A
interference that changes the message
22
Q
receiver
A
target of the message
23
Q
interaction model
A
2 directional process that incorporates feedback
24
Q
feedback
A
a message from the receiver to the send that illustrates responses that naturally occur when 2 or more people communicate
25
competent communication model
communicators send and receive messages simultaneously within relational, situational, and cultural contexts
26
cognitions
thoughts that communicators have about themselves and others
27
behavior
observable communication; how we act or function in response to our attitudes and beliefs
28
cognitive complexity
ability to consider multiple scenarios, theories, and interpretations when encoding and decoding messages
29
rhetoric
the art of speaking well
30
perception
a cognitive process through which one interprets one's experiences and comes to one's own unique understandings
31
communicative processing
how we gather, organize, and evaluate the information we receive
32
schemas
a mental structure that puts individual but related bits of information
33
social constructivism
the idea that schemas are socially constructed
34
interaction appearance theory
argument that people change their opinion about the attributions of someone the more they interact
35
mindlessness
passive state in which the communicator is a less critical processor of info; characterized by reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall, and uncritical evaluation
36
selective perception
choosing to attend to some things while ignoring others
37
attributions
personal characteristics that are used to explain others' behavior
38
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overemphasize the internal and underestimate the external causes of behaviors we observe
39
self serving bias
the idea that we usually attribute our own successes to internal factors while our failures seem to be external or situational
40
negativity bias
inaccurate perception occurring when an individual focuses on the negative over positive or neutral attribute of another
41
stereotyping
the act of organizing information about groups of people into categories so that we can generalize about their attitudes, behaviors, skills, morals, and habits
42
prejudice
deep seated feeling of unkindness and ill-will toward particular groups usually based on negative stereotypes and feelings of superiority over those groups
43
self-concept
one's awareness and understanding of who one is, as interpreted and influence by one's thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals, and ideals
44
social comparison theory
a theory that explains our tendency to compare ourselves to others, such as friends and acquaintances or popular figures in media, as we develop our ideas about ourselves
45
self-esteem
how one feels about oneself, usually in a particular situation
46
self-efficacy
the ability to predict, based on self-concept and self-esteem, one's effectiveness in a communication situation
47
self-fulfilling prophecy
a prediction that causes and individual to alter their behavior in a way that makes the prediction more likely to occur
48
self-actualization
the feelings and thoughts one experiences when one knows that one has negotiated a communication situation as well as possible
49
self-adequacy
the feelings one gets when one assesses one's own communication competence as sufficient or acceptable
50
self-denigration
a negative assessment about a communication experience that involves criticizing or attacking oneself
51
self-presentation
intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purposes; how one lets others know about oneself
52
narrative
stories about oneself or one's experiences to aid in self-presentation
53
self-monitoring
the ability to watch one's environment and others in it for cues as to how to present oneself in a particular situation
54
self-disclosure
revealing oneself to others by sharing info about oneself
55
language
system of symbols that we use to think about communicate experiences and feelings
56
cognitive language
specific system of symbols that one uses to describe people, things, and situations in one's mind
57
grammar
system of rules for creating words, phrases, and sentences in a particular language
58
communication acquisition
the process of learning individual words in a language and learning to use it appropriately and effectively in the context of the situation
59
informing
use of language to both give and receive info
60
feeling
use of language to express emotion
61
imagining
ability to think, play, and be creative in communication
62
ritualizing
learning the rules for managing conversations and relationships
63
semantics
study of the relationship among symbols, objects, people, and concepts; refers to the meaning that words have for people, either because of the definition or placement in a sentence
64
pragmatics
ability to use the symbol systems of a culture appropriately
65
denotative meaning
basic, consistently accepted definition of a word
66
connotative meaning
emotional or attitudinal response people have to a word
67
abstraction ladder
model that ranks communication from specific, which ensures clarity, to general and vague
68
vasion
intentionally failing to provide specific details
69
equivocation
an inoffensive word or phrase that substitutes for terms that might be perceived as upsetting
70
hatespeech
language that employs offensive words to deride a person or group
71
hurtful language
inappropriate, damaging, mean, sarcastic, or offensive statements that affect others in a negative way
72
labeling
using terms that stereotype people according to their group memberships and ignoring their individual differences
73
biased language
words that are infused with subtle meanings that influence our perception about the subject
74
politically correct language
replaces exclusive or negative words with more neutral terms
75
profanity
words or expressions considered insulting, rude, vulgar, or disrespectful
76
civility
social norm for appropriate behavior
77
communication accommodation theory
explains how language and identity shape communication
78
speech repertoire
set of complex language behaviors or possibilities that one calls on to most effectively and appropriately meet the demands of a relationship, situation, or cultural environment
79
code switching
a type of accommodation in which communicators change from one repertoire to another to fit into a particular group
80
high language
a more formal, polite, or mainstream language used in business context, classroom, and formal social gatherings
81
low language
a more informal, easygoing language, used in informal and comfortable environments
82
sapir-whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity theory)
claim that the words a culture uses or doesn't influence its members' thinking
83
slang
language that is informal, nonstandard, and usually particular to a specific group
84
jargon
technical language that is specific to members of a particular profession, interest group or hobby
85
gossip
talk or rumors about personal affairs of others, sometimes serving to solidify group membership
86
nonverbal communication
process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words
87
leakage cues
uncontrolled, nonverbal messages that can reveal ones feelings, but can also be ambiguous
88
channel discrepancy
when one set of communication behaviors says one thing and another set says something different
89
repeating
offers a clear nonverbal cue that repeats and mirrors that verbal message
90
complementing
matches the verbal message it accompanies
91
accenting
clarifies and emphasizing specific info in a verbal message
92
substituting
replacing words with nonverbal cues
93
interaction management
manage the impressions and regulate interactions of communications in a variety of relationships and situations
94
immediacy
the feeling of closeness, involvement, and warmth, between people as communicated by nonverbal behavior
95
deception
attempt to convince others of something that is false
96
truth default theory
describes the tendency of people others without suspecting deception
97
nonverbal codes
symbols we use to send messages without or in addition to words
98
kinesics
the way gestures and body movements communicate meaning
99
illustrators
reinforce verbal messages and visually help explain what is being said
100
regulators
help us manage our interactions
101
emblems
movements that have a direct verbal translation in a particular group or culture
102
adaptors
body movements that satisfy some physical or psychological need, such as rubbing your eyes when you're tired or twisting your hair
103
affect displays
body movements that display feelings, moods, and reactions; often unintentional
104
masking
facial management technique in which an expression that shows true feelings is replaced with an expression that shows appropriate feeling for a given interaction
105
oculesus
study of the use of eyes to communicate
106
paralanguage
vocalized sounds that accompany words
107
pitch
variations in the voice that give prominence to certain words or syllables
108
tone
modulation of the voice, usually expressing a particular feeling or mood
109
volume
how loud or soft a voice is
110
artifacts
accessories carried or used on the body for decoration or identification
111
proxemics
the study of the way we use and communicate with space
112
territoriality
claiming of an area, with or without legal basis, through continuous occupation of that area
113
haptics
study of touch as a form of communication (social-polite, friendship-warmth, love-intimacy, sexual-arousal)
114
chronemics
study of how people perceive the use of time
115
contact cultures
cultures that depend on touch as an important form of communication
116
non-contact cultures
culture that is less touch sensitive or even tends to avoid touch
117
public-private dimension
an aspect of the situational context of communication dealing with the physical space that affects nonverbal communication
118
informal-formal dimension
psychological aspect of the situational context dealing with our perceptions of personal vs impersonal situations
119
hearing
the physiological process of perceiving sound; the process through which sound waves are picked up by the ears and transmitted to the brain
120
listening
process of recognizing, understanding, accurately interpreting, and responding effectively to the messages communicated by other
121
selecting
step in the listening process of choosing one sound over another when faced with competing stimuli
122
attending
step in the listening process of focusing attention on both the presence and communication of someone else
123
understanding
step in the listening process of interpreting and making sense of messages
124
remember
recall info as a listener by providing feedback or paraphrasing
125
paraphrasing
parts of listening empathetically that involves guessing at feelings and rephrasing what one thinks the speaker said
126
active listeners
active participants in making choices about selecting, attending, understanding, and responding
127
passive listeners
those who fail to make active choices in the listening process
128
confabulation
phenomenon where passive listeners fabricate and defend distorted memories, unaware that info is false
129
listening fidelity
the degree to which the thoughts of the listener and intentions of the message producer match following their communication
130
relational listening
listening to establish and maintain a relationship
131
analytical listening
listening to explore all ideas before making judgements
132
task oriented listening
listening that is used to focus on clear and pertinent info quickly
133
critical listening
listening to find inconsistencies or errors in the speaker
134
listening barrier
factor that interferes with the ability to accurately comprehend info and respond appropriately
135
multitasking
attending to several things at once
136
listening apprehension
state of uneasiness, anxiety, fear, or dread associated with an opportunity
137
defensive listening
responding with aggression and arguing with the speaker without fully listening to the message
138
biased listening
involves zeroing in only on bits of info that interest the listener, disregarding other messages or parts, confirming an existing point of view
139
insensitive listening
occurs when we fail to pay attention to the emotional context of a message, instead of taking it at face value
140
monopolistic listening
listening in order to control this interaction
141
psuedolistening
pretending to listen when one is actually not
142
worldview
framework through which you interpret the world and people in it
143
intercultural communication
the communication between people from different cultures who have different worldviews
144
high-context cultures
relies on contextual cues to interpret meaning and send subtle messages
145
low-context cultures
culture the uses direct language and relies less on situational factors to communicate
146
collectivist
culture in which individuals perceive themselves first and foremost as members of a group and communicate from that perspective
147
individualist
culture whose members place value on autonomy and privacy with relatively little attention to status and hierarchy based on age or family connections
148
uncertainty avoidance
process of adapting behaviors to reduce uncertainty and risk
149
masculine culture
places values on assertiveness, achievements, ambition, and competitiveness sometimes referred to as achievement culture
150
feminine cultures
place values on relationships and quality of life; sometimes referred to as nurturing cultures
151
power distance
the way in which a culture accepts and excepts the division of power among individuals
152
orientation
the way cultures communicate about and with time
153
hyperbole
vivid, colorful language with great emotional intensity and often exaggeration
154
understatement
language that downplays the emotional intensity or importance of events, often with euphemisms
155
coculture
smaller group of people within a culture who are distinguishable by features such as race, religion, age, etc
156
generation
group of people born into a specific time frame, along with its events and social changes that shape attitudes and behaviors
157
gender
behavioral and cultural traits assigned one's sex; determined by the way members of a particular culture define notions of masculinity and femininity
158
social identity theory
personal identity, which is a sense of unique individual personality, and a social identity, the part of our self-concept that comes from group memberships
159
in groups
group with which one identifies to which one belongs
160
out groups
those groups one defines as others
161
intergroup communication
branch of the communication discipline that focuses on how communication within and between groups affects relationships
162
salient
brought to mind in the moment; one's social identity and communication shift depending on which one's multiple group memberships is salient in a given moment
163
ethnocentrism
a belief in the superiority of one's own culture or group and a tendency to view other cultures through the lens of one's own
164
discrimination
behavior towards a person or group based solely on their membership in a particular group, class, or category
165
intercultural sensitivity
mindfulness of behaviors that may offend others
166
intergroup contact theory
interaction between members of different social groups generates a possibility for more positive attitudes to emerge
167
accomodation
adapting or adjusting one's language and nonverbal behaviors for other people
168
convergence
when speakers shift their language or nonverbal behaviors toward each other's way of communicating
