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Neurobiology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons are there in the adult brain

A

about 90 billion

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2
Q

insulation made of proteins and fats that protect the nerve fiber to allow faster transmission of signals

A

myelin

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3
Q

receives impulses

A

dendrite

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4
Q

junction or gap between neurons

A

synapse

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5
Q

birth of a neuron

A

neurogenesis

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6
Q

change in the brain according to aging, disease, exposure

A

neuroplasticity

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7
Q

death of inactive synapses to make way for new pathways

A

synaptic pruning

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8
Q

orderly destruction of a nerve cell because of aging

A

apoptosis

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9
Q

which hemisphere plays a role in language

A

left

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10
Q

which hemisphere of the brain is involved in interpretation and creative info

A

right

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11
Q

lobe involved in problem solving, planning, attention, short term memory, motor learning, behavior, impulse control

A

frontal lobe

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12
Q

lobe involved in math, right/left discrimination, language, perception

A

parietal lobe

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13
Q

lobe involved in hearing, smell interpretation, language comprehension/interpretation, and facial recognition

A

temporal

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14
Q

lobe involved in visual processing, color identification, reading, writing

A

occipital lobe

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15
Q

part of the brain involved in balance and speech articulation

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

involved in basic bodily functions (heart rate, breathing, respirations) and connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

brain stem

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17
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory - smell

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18
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic - vision

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19
Q

cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor - eye movement

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20
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

trochlear - movement around eye

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21
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal - pain/temperature in face and mouth

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22
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens - extraocular eye movements

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23
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial - taste receptors on tongue, muscles for facial expression and eyelid closing

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24
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear - balance, connects inner canals of ears to brain

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25
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal - taste of tongue on very back, swallowing, gag reflex

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26
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus - digestion, swallowing, gag reflex, GI system

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27
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory - innervates larynx, sternocleidomastoid

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28
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal - innervated muscles of tongue, swallowing

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29
Q

the brains ability to change as a result of experience

A

neuroplasticity

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30
Q

assembly line of cells that lets in a few select things into the brain, but keeps other things out to protect the brain

A

blood brain brarrier

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31
Q

what are some things that can break down the BBB

A

high blood pressure, heavy metals, infection, inflammation, brain tumor

32
Q

lining at the back of the eyeball connected to optic nerve

A

retina

33
Q

depression in the retina where visual acuity is the highest (focus)

A

fovea

34
Q

center of the retina that allows you to see and take in information about color

A

macula

35
Q

vision gets worse over time and leads to central vision loss

A

macular degeneration

36
Q

interpreting light signals

A

photoreceptors

37
Q

allow low light vision

A

rods

38
Q

color vision and fine details

A

cones

39
Q

allows eyes facing the same direction to perceive a single three dimensional image (depth perception)

A

binocular vision

40
Q

cross eyed

A

strabismus

41
Q

ear drum

A

tympanic membrane

42
Q

shell shaped structure in the inner ear that produces nerve impulses in response to vibrations

A

cochlea

43
Q

ear canal located in between middle and inner ear

A

eustachian tube

44
Q

membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves

A

tympanic membrane

45
Q

bone in the inner ear also known as hammer

A

malleolus

46
Q

bone of the inner ear also known as amble

A

incus

47
Q

bone of inner ear also known as stirrup

A

stapes

48
Q

main cause of hearing loss

A

damage or loss of hair receptor cells

49
Q

taste buds and interpretation of taste

A

gustation

50
Q

smell

A

olfaction

51
Q

what is the only sensory neuron to be continually replaced throughout life

A

olfactory neurons

52
Q

cranial nerves associated with taste

A

facial nerve (VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), and vagus nerve (X)

53
Q

what is the only sensory system that sends sensory information directly to the cerebral cortex without first passing through the thalamus

A

olfactory

54
Q

starts processing of smell information

A

olfactory bulb

55
Q

what is the term to describe the tactile system

A

somatosensory system

56
Q

what does touch come in through

A

thalamus

57
Q

primary function of pain

A

safety, survival, emotions, social connections

58
Q

sensory fibers that detect pain

A

nociceptors

59
Q

hypersensitivity to pain

A

allodynia

60
Q

malfunction of the nervous system

A

neuropathic pain

61
Q

pain especially in the feet and hands

A

diabetic neuropathy

62
Q

opiate like substances that are produced in the body that function a lot like morphine

A

endorphins

63
Q

main function of the limbic system

A

emotions

64
Q

almond shaped region that connects emotions with memory, controls fight/flight/freeze response, empathy, brains reward system

A

amygdala

65
Q

major long term memory storage

A

hippocampus

66
Q

contributes to decision making in terms of how you respond to sensory stimuli

A

cingulate gyrus

67
Q

type of memory that includes true/factual data or events

A

declarative memory

68
Q

cultural knowledge, ideas, and concepts you have accumulated about the world

A

semantic memories (state capitals, definitions)

69
Q

unique representations of your personal experiences

A

episodic memories (mentally recalling sights, sounds, time, space, emotions)

70
Q

the “brains executive”, controls attention, decision-making, and long term planning

A

prefrontal cortex

71
Q

temporary type of declarative memory that is a form of short term memory that allows you to hold a phone number, a sum, a visual image, or other data point needed in the present or immediate future

A

working memory

72
Q

discrete areas of the brain are dedicated to processing specific types of information

A

spatial memory

73
Q

type of memory that is sorted and retrieved without conscious effort

A

non-declarative memory (speaking, riding a bike)

74
Q

also known as the “habit center”

A

basal ganglia

75
Q

learned emotional responses become attached to stimuli over time after repeated exposure

A

emotional memory

76
Q

6 types of emotions

A

sad, anger, fear, disgust, joy, surprise

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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