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Positive Psychology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Positive Psychology

A

The science and study of psychological

strengths and positive emotions

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2
Q

PERMA

A

Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Achievement, Meaning

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3
Q

Reality negotiation

A

The ongoing processes by which people arrive at

agreed-upon worldviews or definitions.

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4
Q

Collectivistic Cultures

A

Sharing, cooperation, duty to the group,
interdependence between members of a
group, the “we” is important

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5
Q

Individualistic Cultures

A

Individual achievement, competition,
personal freedom, autonomy, the “me” is
important

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6
Q

Backbone of psychology is

A

good science

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7
Q

Learned helplessness

A

a mental state in which an organism forced to bear
aversive stimuli, or stimuli that are painful or otherwise
unpleasant, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid
subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are “escapable,” presumably because it has learned that it cannot
control the situation

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8
Q

high validity

A

They should accurately measure what they

purport to measure

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9
Q

High realibility

A

Should consistently measure

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10
Q

Face Validity

A

Participants are pretty sure they know what is

being measured

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11
Q

Social Desirability

A

Participants answer the way they
think will reflect more positively on
them

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12
Q

Construct Equivalence

A

Are the constructs we measure equivalent

across cultures

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13
Q

Do the words from different language

sufficiently translate

A

Linguistic Equivalence

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14
Q

Metric Equivalence

A

Is the method of measurement equivalent

across cultures

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15
Q

Which part of the nervous system is for fight or flight

A

Sympathetic

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of subjective well being

A

Life satisfaction
Positive emotions
Relative lack of negative emotions

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17
Q

Which part of the nervous system is for rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

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18
Q

What is strong vagal tone associated with

A

Better physical health, better well being

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19
Q

Idiographic

A

An understanding of a particular individual; What specific/unique aspects of this person contribute to his or her well
being?

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20
Q

Nomothetic

A

A general understanding of the nature or cause of something in
the form of general principles or laws; What general principles can we use to explain the well being of most people
who are flourishing

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21
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

people who routinely have the three needs fulfilled are happier, healthier, more productive,
more creative, and more likely to be intrinsically motivated

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22
Q

What are the 3 needs of the self determination theory

A

Competence: need to be effective in dealing with environment
Relatedness: need to have close, affectionate relationships
Autonomy: need to control course of our lives

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23
Q

Cross sectional research

A

Snapshot of something at one point in time

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24
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Collect data at time 1, wait a period of time and then

collect more at time 2, time 3 etc

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25
Q

Correlational Research

A

Cannot establish cause & effect

Sees if variables are associated with one another

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26
Q

Experimental Research

A

Participants randomly assigned to groups
Either to intervention or control group
Can establish cause and effect

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27
Q

Meta Analysis

A

a statistical method used to combine the findings of many studies to reach one conclusion
Combines many subjects from many studies and makes
our conclusions stronger
Decide on criteria that all of the studies must meet
Such as: all participants had an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental or control group; there was follow up a minimum of 3 months after the end of the study

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28
Q

Etiology

A

the cause or reason for something

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29
Q

Eugenics

A

Allow certain people with “desirable” traits to reproduce, and stop/limit reproduction of those with “undesirable” trait

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30
Q

Cultural Pluralism

A

recognizing distinct cultural entities and adopting some values of the majority group

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31
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

interpreting behaviors within the context of the culture

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32
Q

Forgiveness for Hmong Americans

A

Facilitated through a 3rd party, restoration of respect, spiritual component

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33
Q

In the Chang studies (1996), which group had higher levels of pessimism, Asian Americans or Caucasian Americans?

A

Asian Americans were significantly more pessimistic, but there was no significant difference of depressive symptoms between the groups

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34
Q

The paradox of affluence(wealth)

A

depression rises as affluence rises

35
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A 
Self-actualization
Safety
Love and belonging
Physiological
Esteem
36
Q

3 Conditions for High Meaning in Life

A

Seeing one’s life as worthwhile and one’s self as
making a contribution to the greater good (significance)
Seeing one’s life as making sense (coherence)
Having a sense of purpose (purpose)
-having important goals
-making a contribution to the world via those goals

37
Q

External Adaptation

A

meeting the social, educational, cultural, and occupational

expectations of society

38
Q

Internal Adaptation

A

positive psychological well-being

39
Q

Ikea Effect

A

a cognitive bias in which consumers place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created

40
Q

Overview Effect

A

to the experience of seeing firsthand the reality of the Earth in space, which is immediately understood to be a tiny, fragile ball of life, hanging in the void, shielded and nourished by a paper-thin atmosphere

41
Q

Basic Trust vs Mistrust

A

Infancy, children develop sense of trust when caregiver provides reliability and affection

42
Q

Autonomy vs Shame

A

Early Childhood; Sense of personal control over physical skills and independence

43
Q

Initiative vs Guilt

A

Play age, sense of purpose; humor, empathy, resilience

44
Q

Industry vs Inferiority

A

School age; humility, acceptance of the course of ones life and unfulfilled hopes

45
Q

Identity vs Confusion

A

sense of self and personal identity

46
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation

A

sense of the complexity of relationships, value of tenderness and loving freely

47
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them

48
Q

Integrity vs Despair

A

Look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment

49
Q

Broaden & Build Theory

A

Positive emotions help build resources: physical, psychological and social
Negative emotions narrow our focus and actions
Positive emotions broaden our thoughts and
open us up to action
– This has the potential for building relationships,
helping us socially and improving us physically

50
Q

4 Assumptions of Broaden and Build Theory

A
  1. Positive emotions impact one’s thought-action repertoire
    Undoing:” Positive (+) emotions undo the effects of negative (-) emotions
    Positive emotions help us “bounce back
    Positive emotions improve well-being and help build resources
51
Q

Melo & Anderson (2016)

A

suggest that + emotions increase explorative behavior
–When + emotions are activated (in animals and humans), exploration of one’s environment is enhanced
–Exploration involves gathering information about one’s surroundings, decreasing uncertainty

52
Q

Study on Group of 4 year olds

A

Exploration/play group
–Training experience group
–Control group
Then asked to join 3 sticks together with current
supplies
–Exploration group: accomplished task faster and with
fewer hints than other two groups (training group
performed better than control group)

53
Q

Own Race Bias Study

A

We are better able to distinguish differences in
people of our own of race
Joy condition: Recognized faces of other races at same rates as own race, not true for fear or neutral condition

54
Q

Hedonic Happiness

A

Happiness that is derived from gaining pleasurable
experienced/objects
This feels good, but is short lived

55
Q

Eudaimonic Happiness

A

Human flourishing associated with leading a virtuous life

–It takes more than pleasant experiences and pleasant emotions to attain happiness

56
Q

Happiness Pie

A

50% Genetics
40% Thoughts and Actions
10% External Circumstances

57
Q

Big 5 Personality

A

Openness
Conscientiousness: Self Discipline, Achievement
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism: Anxiety, Anger, Vulnerability

58
Q

Which big 5 traits are associated with better well being

A

high extraversion, low neuroticism

59
Q

Personality over time

A

We tend to become more conscientious in our 20s
–We tend to become more agreeable in our 30s
–Women tend to exhibit less neuroticism as they age
(not true for men)

60
Q

Empricially Derived Acts to Increase your well being

A

if the goal is to increase your well-being, you may need to vary the acts
–So you do not habituate
Consider engaging in acts where you do not receive credit, see how/if that changes anything for you
Start a ripple effect
Consider acts that contribute to your autonomy, competence or relatedness

61
Q

Which group received more happiness boost when performing acts of kindness

A

the group that performed 5 acts of kindness a day

62
Q

Infant Attachment

A

The Groundwork of Relationships
– Initial learning experience of the child with a primary caregiver
– Infant learns what he or she can expect from a relationship
– Implications are long lasting, seem to have an impact on later intimate relationships

63
Q

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

A

When caregiver is reintroduced. infant avoids caregiver

64
Q

Insecure ambivalent attachment

A

Either actively or passively expresses hostility towards caregiver upon reintroduction, however, also wants to be held by caregiver

65
Q

Preoccupied Attachment

A

Higher fear of abandonment, lower avoidance of intimacy

66
Q

Dismissive Attachment

A

Lower fear of abandonment, higher avoidance of intimacy

67
Q

Fearful Attachment

A

Higher avoidance of intimacy, higher fear of abandonment

68
Q

Secure Attachmentq

A

Lower fear of abandonment, lower avoidance of intimacy

69
Q

Positive Resonance 3 Intertwined Events

A

Shared positive emotion
– Synchrony between people’s behaviors and biochemistry
– Decision to invest in the other person (usually reciprocal;
sometimes called “mutual care”)

70
Q

Neural Coupling

A

result in shared emotion, has potential of increasing understanding and contributing mutual care

71
Q

Oxytocin

A

associated with social and pair bonding; it is released when dancing, praying, and hugging

72
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

facial expressions, heart rate, and hearing

73
Q

5 intertwining components to have a thriving relationship

A 
Knowing and being known
Making relationship enhancing attributions
Being accepting and respectful
Reciprocity
Continual attention to minding
74
Q

Mindlessness and Automaticity

A

Habitual and automatic behavior
–Does not require us to think much or reflect on our behavior
–Can contribute to our efficiency
–However, also can be automatically triggered and we can engage in behaviors that are counterproductive

75
Q

Mindfulness

A

awareness that arises when paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, nonjudgmentally; meditation, deep breathing, yoga

76
Q

Default Network

A

when brain is at rest
it occurs quickly
It is associated with being less happy
Meditation said to curb the wandering mind

77
Q

Urge surfing

A

ride out cravings instead of suppressing them; practicing mindfulness helps

78
Q

Mindfulness Eating

A

Focus only on task at hand; no multitasking

79
Q

Extinction

A

the disappearance of the conditioned response (CR) when the
conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
*Example: we ring the bell, but do not give the dog any food
-Eventually the dog understands
-The pairing is first weakened, then it disappears

80
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

In order to overcome fear of a dreaded stimulus or activity, the person subjects him or herself to contact with the feared stimulus/activity
–Eventually, as there is no danger, the person’s physiological arousal gradually dissipates

81
Q

Flow

A

A subjective state of optimal experience during performance of a non-trivial task, whose difficulty is on par with the skill level of the subject

82
Q

How is flow related to the self determination theory

A

Flow increased a sense of competence and autonomy

Some flow experiences might also cultivate relatedness

83
Q

Autotelic Personality

A

a group of personality variables are related to flow; high persistence, curiosity, high intrinsic motivation, low self-centeredness

84
Q

Nun Study

A

Examined their autobiographies; correlational study; stories with high degrees of positive emotion; complexity of stories related to cognitive health

Positive Psychology (2 decks)

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