Midterm Flashcards
One of the general principles of psychoactive drugs is that every drug has _____.
- A key to some part of the mind.
- Impurities
- Effects on the heart
- Multiple effects
Multiple effects
The use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring is:
- Deviance
- Dependence
- Addiction
- Abuse
abuse
A drug that is unlawful to possess or use is defined in the text as:
- An illicit drug.
- A narcotic.
- An abused drug.
- An addictive drug.
An illicit drug
Which of the following statements best describes the term “drug dependence”?
- It is drug use that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved of by the majority, causing members of the group to take corrective action when it occurs.
- It is the use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug use causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring.
- It refers to a state in which an individual uses a drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.
- It refers to the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist.
It refers to a state in which an individual uses a drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.
In the past 100 years, the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some types of infections laid the foundation for:
- Many dangerous drug interactions.
- Illicit drug markets.
- Our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.
- The “war on drugs.”
our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.
Despite the limitations of survey questionnaires, they can be especially informative:
- if they are done year after year because we can then look for changes over time.
- about alcohol use because it is not illegal.
- about the misuse of prescription drugs.
- about use among those who are not included in the survey.
if they are done year after year because we can then look for changes over time.
Factors that are correlated with higher rates of drug use are known as:
- risk factors
- weaknesses.
- causal factors.
- drug profiles.
risk factors.
Factors that are correlated with lower rates of drug use are known as:
- protective factors.
- antecedents.
- gender and age.
- deviates.
protective factors.
According to results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which of these ethnic groups reports the highest rate of use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana?
- African American
- Asian
- Hispanic/Latino
- White
White
Michelle is an engineering graduate. She tried cocaine at a friend’s party, and it gave her an altered state of consciousness. She gradually became a regular user of the substance. With every use, she increased the chance of using the substance again. Identify this process of repeated use.
- Correlation
- Deviant drug use
- Reinforcement
- Drug misuse
Reinforcement
When using a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents, this is called:
- behavioral tolerance.
- laissez-faire.
- behavioral toxicity.
- drug misuse.
behavioral toxicity.
In the early 1900s in the United States, fears about opium and cocaine were closely linked to:
- large numbers of drug-related deaths.
- public use in saloons and night clubs.
- gang-related violence.
- minority racial groups.
minority racial groups.
Which of the following statements best describes the term “drug toxicity”?
- It refers to a state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.
- It refers to a phenomenon seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect.
- It refers to the effects of drugs that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences.
- It refers to the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist.
It refers to the effects of drugs that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences.
The Harrison Act of 1914:
- made it a crime to prescribe heroin to dependent users.
- regulated all over-the-counter medicines.
- required pharmacists and physicians to register and pay a tax to dispense certain drugs.
- regulated peyote and marijuana.
required pharmacists and physicians to register and pay a tax to dispense certain drugs.
Acute drug effects are those that:
- are dangerous.
- last more than a day.
- are unrelated to dose.
- are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body.
are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body.
Before a new drug is released to the market, the FDA requires:
- a pricing comparison with competing drugs.
- personal testimony from patients who have tried the drug.
- proof that no adverse reactions will occur.
- three phases of clinical testing, with each phase involving more people.
three phases of clinical testing, with each phase involving more people.
Which of the following statements best describes a drug recognition expert (DRE)?
- A teacher trained to recognize the scent of burning marijuana in school premises
- A police officer trained to examine intoxicated individuals to determine which of several classes of drugs caused the intoxication
- A physician trained to recognize a variety of medication that is administered for drug-related problems
- An emergency room personnel trained to record the actual cause behind drug-related emergency room visits in hospital emergency departments
A police officer trained to examine intoxicated individuals to determine which of several classes of drugs caused the intoxication
The single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government’s approach to controlled substances was:
- the Pure Food and Drugs Act.
- alcohol prohibition (the 18th Amendment).
- the Marijuana Tax Act.
- the Dangerous Drugs Act.
alcohol prohibition (the 18th Amendment).
The Drug Abuse Warning Network:
- is a voluntary organization for teachers and police officers.
- monitors arrest rates for various drug-law violations.
- is a system of free public-service announcements.
- monitors drug-related medical emergencies.
monitors drug-related medical emergencies.
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970:
- established harsh penalties for first-offense possession of an illicit drug.
- established schedules of controlled substances and moved enforcement to the Justice Department.
- included control over alcohol and tobacco products.
- was the first to distinguish prescription from over-the-counter drugs.
established schedules of controlled substances and moved enforcement to the Justice Department.
Which of the following terms is defined as the maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range (e.g., temperature, blood pressure)?
- Homeorhesis
- Apoptosis
- Osmosis
- Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from:
- plants.
- South America.
- petroleum.
- German chemists.
plants.
Which of the following is the function of the blood-brain barrier created by glia in the brain?
- It opens the bronchi, reduces blood supply to the skin, increases the heart rate, and reduces stomach motility.
- It regulates the visceral, or involuntary, functions of the body, such as heart rate and blood pressure.
- It protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood.
- It is an important link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland.
It protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood.
Among the psychoactive drugs, alcohol can be classified as a(n) _____.
- depressant
- opioid
- stimulant
- hallucinogen
depressant
Parasympathetic and sympathetic refer to the two branches of the:
- autonomic nervous system.
- axon.
- limbic system.
- glia.
autonomic nervous system.
The threshold on a dose-response curve is the:
- lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of a drug.
- point at which the dose of a drug causes maximal response.
- therapeutic index of a drug.
- safe effective dose of a drug.
lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of a drug.
Natural chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to those of morphine and other opium-derived drugs are called _____.
- amphetamines
- endorphins
- ecstasy
- depressants
endorphins
The potency of a drug is defined in terms of:
- the amount required to produce an effect.
- its dependence potential.
- the magnitude of the effect it produces.
- whether it has a detectable odor.
the amount required to produce an effect.
Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the small space between two neurons called the _____.
- synapse
- vesicle
- transporter
- partition
synapse
Of the following routes of administration, which will produce fastest onset of effects?
- Intramuscular injection
- Rubbing it on the head
- Inhalation
- Using a rectal suppository
Inhalation
Primary prevention programs are aimed at:
- young people who have not tried drugs.
- addicts that require prevention or follow up.
- adolescents who require substance abuse treatment.
- adolescents who require substance abuse treatment.
young people who have not tried drugs.
_____ are the single most common cause of arrests in the United States.
- Drug offenses
- Sexual assaults
- Property crimes
- Homicides
Drug offenses
In the public health model, programs designed to reach people who have started using some substances and to prevent them from abusing these substances or moving to more dangerous substances, would be classified as:
- secondary prevention.
- triage.
- motivational.
- educational.
secondary prevention [programs]
Each year, more than 80 percent of arrests in the United States for drug offenses involve _____.
- cultivation
- trafficking
- simple possession
- manufacturing and distribution
simple possession
Tertiary prevention programs are aimed at:
- young people who have not tried drugs.
- elderly patients that may need medication assistance.
- people who have completed treatment for dependence and need relapse prevention or follow up.
- adolescents who require substance abuse treatment.
people who have completed treatment for dependence and need relapse prevention or follow up.
_____ is the most prevalent current form of drug policy in the United States.
- Drug rehabilitation
- Drug prohibition
- Drug legalization
- Drug decriminalization
Drug prohibition
According to the classification of prevention programs by the Institute of Medicine, _____ are designed for groups within the general population that are deemed to be at high risk—for example, students who are not doing well academically or the poorest neighborhoods in a community.
- targeted prevention strategies
- selective prevention strategies
- indicated prevention strategies
- universal prevention strategies
-selective prevention strategies
Under _____, the acquisition, use, and possession of drugs can be punished by a citation much like for traffic violations, for example, with fines or warnings.
- prohibition
- legalization
- decriminalization
- rehabilitation
decriminalization
Teaching students relaxation or meditation techniques is one possible way of providing:
- enhanced self-esteem.
- values clarification.
- refusal skills.
- alternatives to drug use.
alternatives to drug use.
True or False:
A drug-related crisis is usually the impetus for developing new drug policies.
True
Heating a solution of alcohol and water, then collecting the alcohol vapors and condensing them into a liquid with a higher alcohol content is called:
- fermentation.
- distillation.
- malting.
- catabolism.
distillation.
The alcoholic content of beverages is indicated by the term “proof,” which is:
- the same as the percentage of alcohol.
- half the percentage of alcohol.
- ten times the percentage of alcohol.
- twice the percentage of alcohol.
twice the percentage of alcohol.
Although national prohibition of alcohol did reduce alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations, it was repealed partly because of the growth of organized crime and partly because:
- of major advertising efforts by the liquor industry.
- of a desire to reduce the income tax.
- so many drinkers were elected to Congress.
- of a widespread movement toward individual freedoms.
of a desire to reduce the income tax.
About what percentage of college students reports drinking alcohol at least once within the past month?
- 58%
- 41%
- 92%
- 86%
58%
One major factor determining individual differences in BAC after drinking alcohol is:
- urine flow.
- rate of metabolism.
- proportion of body fat.
- exercise level.
proportion of body fat.
Alcohol is removed by the _____ at a constant rate of 0.25 to 0.30 ounce of ethanol per hour.
- liver
- kidneys
- large intestine
- skin
liver
Which of the following are signs of alcohol poisoning?
- Skin is cold and clammy
- All of the above
- Vomiting and then loss of consciousness
- Breathing rate is slow or irregular
All of the above
At a BAC of 0.08, the relative risk of being involved in a fatal automobile crash is about:
- 10 percent higher than for a sober driver.
- the same as for a sober driver.
- twenty times as great as for a sober driver.
- three times as great as for a sober driver.
three times as great as for a sober driver.
Cirrhosis of the liver can result from drinking alcohol:
- containing higher amounts of congeners.
- in large amounts (a pint of whiskey a day) for ten years or more.
- within a few weeks.
- in small amounts over several years.
in large amounts (a pint of whiskey a day) for ten years or more.
True or False:
Despite changes in alcohol-related laws and rules, rates of binge drinking and driving after drinking among college students have substantially increased in recent years.
False
