Midterm Flashcards
What is Scholasticism?
A system that “describes the technical and academic side of this process of institutionalization and professionalization of Protestant doctrine in thenuniversities of the late 16th and 17th centuries”
Analogous to modern day empiricism
Is a method of discourse in the academy rather than a matter of content
Borrowed Aristotelian language and categories
Luther ane Calvin were in support of this, as it helped them teach God’s Word
What is Humanism?
Key term: Ad Fontes (to the fount/to the sources)
Highlights the importance of ancient texts in their original languages and contexts
Luther and Calvin were in support of this, as it helped them rediscover God’s Word
Luther
Born in Eisleben, Germany
Started the Reformation by writing the 95 Thesis against indulgences
Wrote The Heidelberg Disputation (1518) and the Treatise on Good Works (1520), To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520), The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520), The Freedom of the Christian (1520), and The Bondage of the Will (1525)
The Heidelberg Disputation
Written by Luther just after the 95 Theses in 1518
Contrasts a theology of glory with a theology of the cross
The centrality of Christ in Luther’s theology is on full display
Covers the Works of Men, the Nature of the Will, Theology of Independence (glory) and Dependence (cross), and Theology of Love
Treatise on Good Works
Written by Luther in 1520
Focuses on the 10 Commandments
Obedience flows from trust in Christ
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
Written by Luther in 1520
Is a call to reformation
Outlines a 2 kingdom theology
The Babylonian Exile of the Church
Written by Luther in 1520
Emphasizes that God only gave 2 sacraments
Draws parallels between Rome and Babylon
The Freedom of the Christian
Written by Luther in 1520
Is an evangelical work directed to the Pope
Outlines justification by faith alone
Jean Calvin
Formed a “holy bond of friendship” with William Farel and Peter Viret
Originally forced to minister to the people of Geneva, but grew to love them with pastoral care over time
Wrote The Institutes, the first edition being published in 1536 and the last in 1559
The Institutes
Written by Jean Calvin
Started out as a little handbook
Went through 5 editions in his liftetime
God as Creator
God as Redeemer
The Individual Christian Life
The Church, The Means of Grace, and Civil Government
William Farel
Was a firebrand preacher
Friends with Calvin and Viret
Called down the curse of God on Calvin when he wanted to leave Geneva, scaring Calvin into compliance
Peter Viret
Warm hearted
Friends with Calvin and Farel
Calvin’s commentary on Titus is dedicated to him and Farel
Theodore Beza
Calvin’s apprentice
Had a high view of Farel and Viret
Taught Arminius
Martin Bucer
Architect of the Swiss Reformation
Luther, Kramer, and Calvin can all be tied to him
Called down a curse on Calvin for leaving Geneva
Cujus regio ejus religio?
A Latin phrase meaning “Whose realm is religion?”
Popularized during the 17th century
Was asked because each local magistrate was able to determine the religion of their realm
The Peace of Augsburg
Written in 1555
Was a treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League
Sought to establish peace between Catholic and Lutheran territories across Europe
Germany, England, and Switzerland
Were more theaters of conflict than reform in the 17th century
Faced vast political, technological, and theological changes
The Peace of Augsburg was designed to prevent war, but it was only a bandaid
The Thirty Years War
1618-1648
Protestant Lutherans vs Catholics
Civil War between states
France, Austria, and Spain each fought for European hegemony
Orthodoxy
Early, High, and Late
Early spans from right after Calvin to the first confessions
High is the apex of the post-reformation (Turretin and Owen)
Late is the fall of confessionalization and the rise of the Enlightenment
Robert Bellarmine
1542-1621
Was a trained Jesuit, philospher, and theologian
Became a Cardinal of the Roman Church
Wrote a lengthy polemic against the Protestants, which he deemed to be heretics
Jacob Arminius
1560-1609
Student of Theodore Beza
Represents an internal critique of Reformed Theology
Wrote Declaration of Sentiments in 1609
His teachings were codified in the Five Articles of Remonstrance in 1610
Johan Von Staupitz
Luther’s mentor
Recommended that Luther teach at the University of Wittenberg
Sent Luther on his pilgrimage to Rome
Frederick of Saxony
Known as Frederick the Wise
Was the Elector of Saxony
Had an enormous collection of relics
Protected Luther by arranging his kidnapping after the Diet of Worms
Johan Tetzel
Was a travelling salesman for the Church
Was a big name when it came to selling indulgences
His famous catchphrase was “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”
The Dichotomist Debate
The premise is that the reformation was an island between the medieval and post-reformation periods
Posits that scholasticism corrupted the Bible by imposing Aristotelian categories on it
Holds that the Reformation revolves around predestination and Calvinism
Supralapsarianism
A theological doctrine concerning the logical order of the divine decree
Teaches that the decree of election and reprobation comes prior to the Fall
Popularized by William Perkins in his book The Golden Chain (1591)
Reply to Sadoleto
Written by Calvin in 1539
Sadoleto was a Catholic Cardinal who tried to win back Geneva
In this reply, Calvin calls Geneva to remain steadfast
Preface to Commentary on the Psalms
Most significant source on Calvin’s conversion
Frames the Christian life in terms of providence
Understands conversion as a supernatural work
Michael Servetus
Heretic who denied the Trinity
Both Catholics and Protestants wanted him dead
Fled to Geneva for refuge, but was ultimately tried and executed there
Calvin played a role in his sentencing
William Perkins
Conformist (worked with the Church of England)
Influenced by Ramism
Wrote The Golden Chain and The Art of Prophecying
Was a best seller, outselling Calvin, Beza, and Bullwinger combined
The Golden Chain
Written by Perkins in 1590
Shows the logical order of redemption
Taught supralapsarianism
The Art of Prophesying
Written by Perkins in 1592
Shows the importance of substance and form in preaching
Meant to find Christ in every text
John Owen
Leading Non-Conformist
Proponent of High Calvinism
Outlived all 11 of his children
Norma Normans
Latin term meaning “norming norm”
Speaks to the authority of Scripture and how it relates to confessions
Scripture is the norming norm
Norma Normata
Latin phrase meaning “the normed norm”
Speaks to the authority of Scripture and how it relates to confessions
Creeds and confessions are the normed norm
Belgic Confession
Written by Guido De Bres
Knowledge of God and Scripture were prevalent
The Sacraments are accentuated
Adopted by the Synod of Dort in 1619
Heidelberg Catechism
Written by Zacharius Ursinus and Caspar Olevianus
Bite-sized Q&A format
Split into 52 sections, one for every Lord’s Day of the year
Synod of Dort
1618-19
Defined the 5 points of Calvinism in response to the 5 articles of the Remonstrance
Condemned Arminianism as heresy
Anfechtung
German term meaning crisis/existential angst
Used by Luther to describe his guilt
Luther was paralyzed by the holiness of God
Katerina Von Bora
Escaped nun who became Luther’s wife in 1525
Had 5 children with Luther
Her and Luther made the home the center of the ministry
Elizabeth I
Reigned from 1558-1603 in England
Daughter of Henry VIII
Protestant, supported Church of England
Puritanism
Diverse branch of Protestantism in England, Scotland, Ireland, and the New World
Originally a derogatory term for those trying to purify the Church of England of Catholic elements
Begins inside the Church of England, ends in non-conformity
Socinianism
Logical outworking of Arminianism
Precursor to Unitarianism, Liberalism, and Open Theism (the future is up to us to decide)
Lelio and Fausto Sozzini
Ramism
Named after philosopher Peter Ramus
Simplified Aristotelian logic
The bifurcation of categories in order to create concrete definitions
Influenced William Perkins
Infralapsarianism
Concerns the order of the divine decree
Places predestination after the Fall
Can be found within the Reformed tradition
Amyraldianism
Hypothetical Universalism
Concerns the order of the divine decree of election
Places atonement prior to predestination
Can be found within the Reformed tradition
William Ames
Synod of Dort
Hammer of the Arminians
Proponent of Covenant Theology
Student of Perkins
John Preston
Conformist
Challenged Perkins on predestination
Hypothetical Universalist
Student of Perkins
Westminster Confession of Faith
1646
Written by the Westminster Divines
Accepted in the Church of England
Doctrine of Scripture
Doctrine of Covenant
Doctrine of Christ
Doctrine of Adoption
Law & Liberty of Conscience
Idelette de Bure
Calvin’s wife
Had 2 children from a previous marriage to an Anabaptist
Died in 1549, leaving Calvin to take care of his step kids
