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Reformation To The Present > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Jean-Alphonse Turretin

A

Son of Francis Turretin (theology was the family business)

Served as professor of Church History and professor of theology at the academy in Geneva

Valued religious feelings of love over doctrine

He wanted to wed Christianity with the enlightenment, reason and revelation

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2
Q

Jean-Alphonse’s Two Steps

A

Jean Liberalized the Academy in 2 steps

Step 1: In 1706 he was influential in abolishing Ministerial subscription to the Helvetic Consensus

Step 2: In 1725 he rid the academy of the confessional statement entirely

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3
Q

Helvetic Consensus

A

Created in 1675 to guard against doctrines coming from Saumar

Consists of a preface and 25 Canons. Showed the difference between Calvinism and other views

All teachers and preachers in Geneva were required to affirm the confession. Ministerial subscription ended in 1706 and teaching subscription ended in 1725

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4
Q

Principium

A

Latin word for foundation/first principle

Principium of the Reformation: Revelation

Principium of the Romanticism: Human Emotion

Principium of the Enlightenment: Reason

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5
Q

The Passion of the Western Mind

4 Characteristics

A
  1. Impersonal universe
  2. Material world
  3. Science as the preeminent source of authority
  4. Radical independence
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6
Q

Rationalism

A

Comes from the word Ratio (Latin: reason)

Descartes, Spinoza, and Kant

The Human mind is the principium for knowledge, it is how we know ourselves and God

The pursuit of knowledge through the pathway of reason

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7
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Father of modern philosophy

Born in France

Wrote Discourse on Method (1637)

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8
Q

Baruch Spinoza

A

Rejected that God is a personal Being as well as the Creator-creature distinction (his god was pantheistic)

Deus Sive Natura was his mantra

Wrote Theological-Political Treaty

Died at 44 of tuberculosis

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9
Q

Deus Sive Natura

A

(Latin: God or Nature)

Mantra of Baruch Spinoza that rejects the Creator-creature distinction

States that God and nature are the same thing

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10
Q

Theological Political Treaty

A

Argues that the universal laws of science are the decrees of God

Denies many Christian doctrines

Miracles are impossible, for God would not break His own laws

Distinguishes between truth and meaning:

Truth: love of God and neighbor
Meaning: expression of truth in a cultural reality

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11
Q

Empiricism

A

We have no source knowledge of anything, we gain knowledge from sense experience. Experience is the principium

John Locke is the classic empiricist

Forms the basis for the scientific method

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12
Q

John Locke

A

Quintessential empiricist

Coined the tabula rasa (Latin: blank slate) theory

Massively influential; his work has influenced Voltaire, Rousseau, American revolutionaries, and many others

Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Student of John Owen

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13
Q

Two Treatises of Government

A

A set of two treatises by John Locke

The first treatise is an extended attack on the divine right of monarchy

Within the second treatise, Locke develops the idea of the state of nature. Locke also continues to discuss government, property, and the right of revolution

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14
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Coined by John Locke, (Latin: blank slate)

One of the building blocks of empiricism

Refers to man’s state of knowing nothing when he comes into the world

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15
Q

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

A

Written by John Locke, within, he puts forth the concept of the Tabula Rasa

Split into four books

This work influenced David Hume and George Berkeley

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16
Q

David Hume

A

Scottish Enlightenment Philosopher

Denied that humans have an actual conception of the self, instead, we are just a bundle of sensations

Wrote A Treatise of Human Nature and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

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17
Q

Roman Catholicism Comes to America

A

The original discoverer of America, Columbus, brought Roman Catholicism to America. He brought priests and friars to convert natives, but they did not act well

Catholicism was strong in Quebec and South America

The imposition of a homogenous civilization religion helped keep Spanish territories safe. This contributed to a stable religious foundation for R.C.

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18
Q

Anglicism in America

A

Anglicanism was the official church of Jamestown

The lack of local Anglican ecclesiastical oversight hindered the growth of the church

The aristocracy took a greater role in the affairs of the church in American Anglicanism. They established lay commissaries to fill the role of bishops

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19
Q

Puritans and Congregationalists in America

A

The Puritan congregationalists had the most influence of any religious group in America

The first group of puritans arrived in America on the Mayflower in 1620 and settled in Plymouth. Only 50 settlers survived the first winter

The congregationalists recognized the authority of King James. They organized themselves according to the Mayflower compact

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20
Q

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

Became the center of Puritanism in the Colonies

First governor was John Winthrop

Formed by a charter granted from King Charles 1st

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21
Q

Plymouth Colony

A

Founded in 1620 at a location surveyed by John Smith

Eventually merged with the Massachusetts bay Colony in 1691

The settlers were seperatist puritans who had left Anglicism

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22
Q

Jamestown

A

The first permanent English Settlement in the America’s

The colonists experienced severe drought and disease the first several years

The first Anglican Eucharist in America was celebrated in Jamestown

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23
Q

Presbyterians in America

A

Scottish and Irish Presbyterians emigrated to America, settling in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Long Island

The first presbytery was established in Philly

Presbyterians would split over the old side/new side controversy and the old school/ new school controversy

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24
Q

Baptists in America

A

Believed in the autonomy of the local church, but it is only obtained through baptism (immersion) and confession of faith

The first baptist church in America was in Providence, Rhode Island in 1639 by Roger Williams

Were divided between general (unlimited atonement) and particular (limited atonement) baptists

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25
Q

The Plymouth Congregationalists

A

Originally planned to be part of the colony in Virginia, but they landed much further north due to weather conditions

Only 50 out of 101 survived the first winter

What makes them unique is that, while recognizing the authority of the king of England, they wanted to organize themselves as well

They wrote the Mayflower Compact (1620)

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26
Q

The Mayflower Compact (1620)

A

Written by the Plymouth Congregationalists

Unequivocally recognized the divine right of the king

Desired a form of religious freedom

Developed a civil body politic based on just and equal laws

Built a society that was based on a mutually held covenant before God and one another, binding them together as a religious and civil covenant community

27
Q

Quakers

A

George Fox

Tried to establish colonies in Massachusetts to no avail

Despite this, the Society of Friends found safe haven in Pennsylvania under the leadership of William Penn, a student of John Owen’s

God puts in every person a portion of inner life, making one to quake in awe

Emphasizes an internal and immediate experience of God, deemphasizing experiencing God in the Scripture

Refused any form of prescribed worship

Pacifists

28
Q

William Bradford

A

Leader in the migration to New England

Elected governor of the Plymouth colony

Puritan

Wrote Of Plymouth Plantation (1650)

29
Q

John Winthrop

A

Lawyer

Puritan

Elected as governor and later deputy governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony

Saw New England as a city on a hill; the world is watching to see what God is up to in America

30
Q

Roger Williams

A

Separatist, contrarian, founder of Providence, Rhode Island

The most controversial man of the early American experiment

One of the earliest proponents of religious liberty, even implying the legitimacy of other religions

“Christening makes not Christians”

31
Q

William Penn

A

Son of a famous British admiral

Ardent and devout Quaker

Founder of Pennsylvania

32
Q

Cotton Mather

A

Son of Increase Mather

One of the most important intellectuals in early America

Played a significant role in the Salem Witch Trials

Most famously known for his book Magnalia Christi Americana (1702)

33
Q

Magnalia Christi Americana (1702)

A

The Glorious Works of Christ in America

Written by Cotton Mather

Builds on Bradford, again using Mosaic imagery

Laments that no memoir or biography was written on John Owen when he died

34
Q

The Salem Witch Trials

A

200 people were tried, 30 women and 6 men were executed

Mather denounced the way the trials were handled (spectral evidence)

Brought the superstition of the Puritans into focus

35
Q

Half-Way Covenant

A

Allowed nominal Christians (baptized and of good behaviour) to present their children for baptism, regardless of the child’s or the parent’s faith

Was instituted by ministers in Massachusetts in order to ensure the survival of the Church

Over time, baptism wasn’t enough, and so they opened up the table under certain circumstances to leverage people into the physical church

Raised the question of nominalism among the Puritans

36
Q

City on a Hill vs Holy Experiment

A

Question of competing visions for America’s future

Winthrop’s Christian society vs greater diversity of religious practice in a new land

Penn’s vision won out over Winthrop’s over time

Diversity and nominalism were rife and developed over the next 200+ years into the modern day

37
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

Became the sole pastor of Stoddard’s megachurch at 25

Started the Great Awakening

Saw revival as a surprising work of God through the common means of grace

Was a missionary to the Mohawk and Mohican tribes

38
Q

John Wesley

A

Founder of Methodism

Brother of Charles Wesley, famous hymn writer

“The world is my parish”

Carefully revised Arminianism

Focused on four quadrants:
Scripture
Reason
Tradition
Experience

The heart of Wesley’s theology rests in Christian experience

Principles of a Methodist (1740)

39
Q

Francis Makemie

A

Reputed founder of American Presbyterianism

Became the first central figure of the Presybterian experience in America

Created the first Presbytery in America in 1706

Wrote A Narrative of a New and Unusual Imprisonment

40
Q

Robert Cross

A

Minister who was caught and confessed to fornication

Barred from the pulpit for only 4 Sundays

This event helped trigger the Adoption Act (1729)

41
Q

The Adoption Act (1729)

A

George Gallesby and John Thompson were for strict subscription to Westminster whereas Jonathan Dickinson was opposed, saying it wasn’t enough to provide moral reform

Thompson: a church without a confession is a city without walls

Dickinson: for the analyzation of religious experience

The Adoption Act was framed by Dickinson and was distinguished by the inclusion of essential and non-essential elements within Westminster; however, these were never defined

42
Q

William Tennent Sr.

A

Developed the Log College

Provided a template for pro-Awakening Presbyterians

Emphasized Westminster theology, true piety, and ministerial practices in accordance with the Great Awakening

Created the New Side/Old Side split

43
Q

Old Side/New Side Split

A

Old Side was suspicious of the Great Awakening, complaining that Tennent and Whitefield were putting people against their pastors who were against the Awakening

Claimed that New Side ministers were preaching out of bounds without a license and brought about a low view of education and subscription

Old Side:

Suspicious of the Awakening
Westminster is the standard

New Side:

Embraced the Awakening
Personal piety and experience is the standard

New Side was eventually forced to withdraw and form a new synod in New York

44
Q

Gilbert Tennent

A

Very defensive of his father, William Tennent Sr.

The Synod of Philadelphia censured him

Preached one of the most infamous sermons in American history, The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry
(called Old Side Pharisees and dead dogs)

45
Q

The College of New Jersey

A

New Side college, but soon welcomed Old Side as well, becoming the premier Presbyterian college

Dickinson was the first president

Affirmed Westminster theology
Encouraged personal piety
Trained men along the lines of the Great Awakening

Witherspoon turned the college from a seminary to a place to train revolutionary leaders

46
Q

John Witherspoon

A

Transformed the College of New Jersey

Introduced Common Sense Realism

Was a major player in the formation of the first general assembly in 1789 (nearly a third of the delegates were his former students)

47
Q

The Plan of Union (1801)

A

Established churches wanted to expand their denominations to the West, the great unknown of the time

Was a brief teaming up of Presbyterians with Congregationalists

Drawn up by Edwards

4 Concrete Provisions:

Missionaries on the frontier were to strive to evangelize the West

Pastors from both denominations could serve in either congregation

A congregationalist could go to the presbytery of a bad minister or form their own defacto committee to judge the situation

A congregationalist elder could participate as a ruling elder at a presbytery

48
Q

Cane Ridge Revival (1801)

A

Often called the Second Great Awakening

Took place in Kentucky

Barton W. Stone was the main guy

49
Q

Charles Finney

A

Was the Edwards of the Second Great Awakening

Saw revivals as a result of new measures rather than a surprising work of God through ordinary means

Rejected Westminster

50
Q

Old School/New School Schism

A

Was the controversy surrounding the Second Great Awakening

Mostly had to do with Finney’s approach and social justice (slavery)

Carried into the Civil War where 4 factions were formed (OS/NS North/South)

51
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

Radically changed the fields of philosophy, theology, and ethics

Was the quintessential thinker of the Enlightenment

Wrote Critique of Pure Reason

Creates the categories of the Noumena and Phenomena

52
Q

The Enlightenment

A

Was a declaration of epistemological independence

Founded upon the self rather than revelation

It’s motto was “Dare to think!”

Had 3 branches:

Reason: Rationalism (Descartes)

Experience: Empiricism (Hume & Locke)

Feeling: Romanticism (Schleiermacher)

53
Q

Friederich Schleiermacher

A

Was the father of theological liberalism

Romanticized Christianity, making it all about feeling

Took reformed terms and radically redefined them (sin is “the absence of God-consciousness”)

Wrote The Christian Faith

54
Q

Urbildlichkeit und Vorbildlichkeit

A

Urbildlichkeit: The ideal/standard embodiment of human God-consciousness

Vorbildlichkeit: Jesus’ ability to evoke within us an understanding/feeling of our need for God-consciousness

This reveals that Schleiermacher is Christomorphic rather than Christocentric

55
Q

George Hegel

A

Educated at Tubingen, Germany

Developed a triadic logic that synthesized knowledge, opening up a new door to interpret history

Combines a thesis and antithesis to make a synthesis; this synthesis then becomes a thesis in itself and the cycle continues

Tried to combine Empiricism with Rationalism, much like Kant

56
Q

Ferdinand Baur

A

Adopted Hegel’s triadic thought to explain the development of Christianity

Divides Peter and Paul’s notions of Christianity opening the door for radical biblical reinterpretation

Taught David Strauss

57
Q

David Strauss

A

Was a disciple of Baur

Wrote Life of Jesus

Denies the historicity of the Gospels, portraying them more as a myth

58
Q

Albert Schweitzer

A

1875-1965

Continued Strauss’ teaching

Wrote Quest of the Historical Jesus

59
Q

Adolf von Harnack

A

Historian of the Early Church

Believed Paul made things overly complicated, wanted to return to simple Christianity

Wrote What Is Christianity?

60
Q

Karl Barth

A

Most significant theologian of the 20th century

Retains the commitments of Kant while differing in liberalism’s conclusions

Wrote The Epistle to the Romans (1919/1922), which blew up the theological playground at the time, calling people to quit fighting over dates and authorship and to actually learn from the text and be moved by it

Also wrote The Word of God and the Word of Man (1928), the Barmen Declaration (1934), and Church Dogmatics (1932-1968)

61
Q

What Is Christianity? (1901)

A

Written by Harnack

Argues that Christianity is not doctrine, but a way of life

Says Jesus taught 3 things:

The Kingdom of God

The Universal Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of Man

The Kingdom of God represents an Ethic of Love

62
Q

Neo-Orthodoxy

A

Also known as Dialectical Theology

Follows Hegelian thought

Lead by Barth

Stood against the scholasticism of the post-Reformation and 19th century protestant liberalism

63
Q

Church Dogmatics (1932-1968)

A

Barth’s magnum opus

Over 10,000 pages long

Covers 4 categories:

Revelation

God

Creation

Reconciliation

Reformation To The Present (2 decks)

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