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microbio 265 > Midterm 1.1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the first person to depict microorganisms?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Who is considered the Father of microbiology?

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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4
Q

What are the major accomplishments of Louis Pasteur? (5) sfgid

A
  1. Sterilization techniques (pasteurization)
  2. Fermentation by microbes
  3. Germ theory of disease with others
  4. Important contributions to the advancement of vaccine development
  5. Disproved spontaneous generation
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5
Q

Who provided evidence for germ theory of disease?

A

Robert Koch

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6
Q

What are some significant limitations to Koch’s postulates? (2)

A
  • Not all pathogens can be cultured in isolation
  • Some disease-causing microbes can be present in healthy people, only cause disease in certain people/conditions
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7
Q

What did Robert Koch discover?

A

The cause of tuberculosis and of cholera

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8
Q

Who developed the first vaccine for smallpox?

A

Edward Jenner

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9
Q

Who discovered the spore formation (bacterial cell differentiation)?

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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10
Q

Who discovered enrichment culturing for growing the desired microbes?

A

Martinus Bejerinck

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11
Q

Who developed antibiotics?

A

Alexander Fleming (Penicillin)
Gerhard Domagk and others (Sulfonamides)
Selman Waksman (Albert Schatz) (Streptomycin)

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12
Q

Who discovered archaea and reworked the tree of life?

A

Carl Woese and George Fox

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13
Q

Virus

A

Genetic elements (DNA/RNA) that can only multiply within a living cell

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14
Q

Explain the RNA world hypothesis

A

Life on earth started with lifeforms that used RNA only
- Because RNA can catalyze reactions just like proteins and can store genetics

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15
Q

What were some evolutionary forces that supposedly kicked in in RNA world hypothesis? (3)

A

Improved replication
Simple functions
More complex functions

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16
Q

What is the evidence of RNA world hypothesis?

A

RNA can form intricate, stable structures
Proteins are still made today using RNA components
Many apparent “relics” from RNA world
- Common biological molecules with ribonucleotide components

17
Q

When and where did the first microbe evolve?

A

4 billion years ago
Not known where, but one hypothesis is that it happened in hydrothermal systems on ocean floor
- Stable environment, low UV light, compartments (cells) energy, organic molecules

18
Q

What are the presumed features of LUCA? (4)

A

DNA replication, transcription, translation, cell division
ATP served as energy intermediate
Lipid bilayer membrane
Anaerobic metabolism (no oxygen) - likely used H2 as energy source and CO2 as carbon source

19
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis
- Oxygenic photosynthesis

20
Q

What did oxygen in the atmosphere cause?

A

It made ideal electron acceptor - gave rise to aerobic organisms
Ozone (O3 layer) - protects against UV (lethal to cells, damages DNA)

21
Q

Explain the endosymbiotic theory

A

Eukaryotes emerged when an archaea-like ancestor engulfed a bacterium that became endosymbiont (organism living within another organism in symbiotic relationship)
Eventually this bacterium became the mitochondria
Plants emerged in a second event when an engulfed photosynthetic bacteria became basis for chloroplast

22
Q

What are the evidences of endosymbiotic theory?

A

DNA replication, transcription, translation machinery of eukaryotes more similar to archaea than bacteria
Mitochondria and chloroplasts:
- Have their own genomes, ribosomes, tRNA
- This machinery is bacterial
- Mitochondria related to Proteobacteria, chloroplasts related to Cyanobacteria

23
Q

Explain the serial endosymbiosis theory

A

Mitochondria: Stable engulfing of an aerobic respiring bacterium from Alphaproteobacteria into early eukaryotic cell organism
Chloroplasts: Stable engulfing of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium-like cell into cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

24
Q

Ubiquitous

A

Present or existing everywhere

25
Q

What are the rules for writing scientific names?

A

Species names italicized or underlined (if handwriting)
The genus is capitalized and species is lower case
Higher taxa are NOT italicized. They are capitalized, through
After the first use in a manuscript, paper, or report, scientific names are abbreviated with the 1st letter of the genus plus the species name

26
Q

Biovar or biotype

A

Grouping based on physiological or biochemical difference from other members of the species

microbio 265 (11 decks)

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