Midterm Flashcards
What is the scientific management theory?
Fredrick W. Taylors method to determine the one best way to complete a job
What is Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management?
- Division of work 2. Authority 3. Discipline 4. Unity of Command 5. Unit of Direction 6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the Gernal Interest 7. Remuneration 8. Centralization 9. Scalar Chain 10. Order 11. Equity 12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel 13. Initiative 14. Esprit de corps (promotion to create unity)
What is organizational behaviour?
Research of actions/behaviours of people at work
What is Hawthrone studies?
A series of studies that provided insights to behavioural approaches
What is the quantitiative approach?
Focuses on the application of statistics, optimization models, information models, computer simulations, etc, used to make a managers job easier.
What is TQM
A management philosphy related to continual improvement and responding to customer needs/expecations
What is the contemporary approach?
Looking at the external environment of an organization
What is a systems approach?
Views systems as a set of interrelated and interdependent parts that create a unified whole.
What is an open system
They are influenced by and interact with their environment (inputs > transformation process >outputs
What does the contingency/situational approach state?
Organizations, employees, and situations are different and require different ways of managing
How many employees does an SME consist of
fewer than 500
What are community organizations
Includes of wide variety of non profit organizations
What is a formal group?
Work groups that are defined by the organizations structures and have specific work assignments
What is an informal group?
Social groups that occur naturally
What is a cross-functional team?
Employees in various departments come together
What is a problem solving team?
Employees from the same department
What is a self-managed team?
Employees are responsible for their work
What is an advisory team?
Teams that provide feedback
What is a virtual team?
Teams using information technology
What is synergy?
Combined efforts
What are the stages of forming a small group development?
Forming, storming, norming, preforming, and adjourning.
What is forming in the 5 stages of group development?
It’s the first stage of team development. People join the group then define the purpose, structure, and leadership.
What is storming in the 5 stages of group development?
It’s the second stage of team development which sets of hierarchy of leadership.
What is norming in the 5 stages of group development?
It’s the 3rd stage of team development where close relationships and cohesiveness is created
What is performing in the 5 stages of group development
It’s the 4th stage of team development, the structure is fully functional and accepted by team members
What is adjourning in the 5 stages of group development
It’s the final stage of team development where members are concerned w/ wrapping up activities rather than task performance.
What are Belbins team roles
Action oriented, people oriented, and thought oriented roles
What are status systems?
A prestige grading, position, or rank within a group
What is the significance of group size?
Small groups are better at completing tasks, figuring out what to do, and getting the job done
What is an advantage of a large group size (12 or more)
They are good at problem solving, finding facts, and gaining diverse input
What is a disadvantage of a large group
Individual productivity aka social loafing
What factors lead to team effectiveness?
Adequate resources, leadership and structure, trust, and performance evaluation/ reward systems
What is team efficacy?
When teams believe in themselves
What is the communication process?
- The communication source/sender 2. Encoding 3. The message 4. The Channel 5. Decoding 6. The reciever 7. Feedback
What is a grapevine
An unoffcial channel of communication
What is verbal intonation?
An empaisis on words phrases that convey meaning
What is filtering
Manipulating information to make it appear more favorable to the receiver
What is selective perception?
Precieving or hearing a communication based on your own needs, motivations, or experiences
What is knowledge management?
A learning culture where employees gather knowledge and share it with others
What are communities of practice?
Groups of people who share a concern or passion about a topic to deepen their knowledge on an ongoing basis,
What is ethical communication?
Relevant information
What is the external environment?
outside forces and instituations that potentially affect the organizations performance
What 3 environments that make up the external environment?
The specific environment, the general environment, and the global environment
What is the specific environment?
External forces that directly impact a managers decisions which are relevant to organizations goals
What are primary stakeholders?
Internal stakeholders that engage in direct transactions (shareholders, customers, suppliers, creditors, and employees
What are secondary stakeholders
Those who have influence on the organization (general public, local communitites, and the media)
What is the general environment?
It includes political, economic, sociocultural, technological, and legal conditions that affect the organization
What are political conditions?
The stability of a country is related to an organizations operations and how the elected governments are involved in the business.
What is the purpose of the competition Bureau?
It encourages competition in Canada
What are economic conditions?
Interest rates, inflation, changes in disposable income, stock market, and fluctuations
What is GDP
An indicator of a country’s economic activity is expressed in the market value of goods and services produced in a country
What is CPI
A measure of purchasing power which rises/falls with inflation or deflation
What are sociocultural conditions
Demographic conditions
What are technological conditions
Changes in technology
What are environmental conditions?
Issues of sustainability
What is the global environment?
Represents both opportunities and challenges managers face.
What is global trade?
A factor of the global environment that allows free-flowing trade which benefits a countries economic growth and productivity
What is a market economy?
Resources are primarily owned and controlled by a private sector
What is a planned economy?
All economic decisions are planned by a central government
What are the considerations for a company to be “global”
Must exchange goods and services, market globalization, and finanicial globalization
What is market globalization
Using managerial and technical employee talent from other countries
What is finanical globalization
Using financial sources outside the companys home country
What is a multinational corporation
International companies that maintain operations in multiple countries
What is a multidomestic corporation
An international company that makes decisions through a local country
What is transactional (borderless) organizations (TNC)
Geographical boundries are eliminated
What is a global corporation?
Decisions are made in a home country
What is global sourcing?
Purchasing material or labours from around the world that is cheapest
Who uses licensing
Manufacturing organizations that make or sell another companys products
Who uses franchising?
Service organizations that want to use another company name and operating methods
What is strategic alliance?
A paternship b/w two companies that share resources and knowledge by developing new products
What is a joint venture?
A type of strategic alliance where partners agree to form a separate, independent organization
What is a foreign subsidiary?
Managers make a direct investment in a foreign country by creating a seperate production facility
What is national culture?
Values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape beliefs
What is involved in organizational culture
Culture is precieved, culture is shared, and culture is descriptive
What is environmental uncertainty?
Change and complexity in an organizations environment
What is a dynamic environmental
Frequently changing environment
What is a stable environment
No new competitors, few technological breakthroughts, and little pressure to influence the organization
What is environmental complexity?
The number of components in an organizations envirornment and the knowledge the organization has on its components
What are the steps in the decision making process?
- Identification of the problem 2. Identification of decision criteria 3. Allocation of Weights to Criteria 4. Development of Alternatives 5. Analysis of Alternatives 6. Selection of an Alernative 7. Implementation of the Alternative 8. Evaluation of Decision Effectiveness
What is ‘identifying a problem” in the decision making process
Identify the problem by comparing past performance, previously set goals, and the performance of other units within the organization
What is ‘identify decision criteria” in the decision making process
Find criteria that will be important in solving the problem
What is ‘allocating weights to criteria” in the decision-making process
Priority of decisions are made
What is ‘develop alternatives” in the decision-making process
The decision-maker lists alternatives to resolve the problem
What is ‘analyze alternatives” in the decision making process
Once the alternatives have been identified the decision maker evaluates the criteria against the alternatives
What is “select an alternative” in the decision making process
Choose the alternative that has the greater score in step 5 (analysis of alternatives)
What is ‘implement the alternative” in the decision-making process
Convey the decision to those affected and get their commitment
What is “Evaluate decision effectiveness” in the decision making process
Managers appraise the outcome to see if the problem was solved
What are the three approaches managers use to make decisions
Rational model, bounded model, and intuition & managerial decision making
What is the rational model
An approach that assumes decision makers must act rationally
What is bounded rationality
Managers make rational decisions that are limited by their ability to process information which is influenced by organizational culture, internal poltics, political considerations, and escalation of commitment
What are the types of bounded decision making
Bounded awareness, bounded ethicality, bounded rationality, bounded willpower, and bounded self-interest
What is intuition and managerial decision making
Making decisions on the basis of experience, feelings, and judgement
What is a structured problem
A straightfoward familiar, and easily define problem
What is an unstructured problem?
Problems that are new or unsual which information is incomplete
What is a programmed decision
A repetitive decision that can be handled using a routine approach
What is a nonprogrammed decision
Decisions that are unique and nonreoccuring and require customer solutions
What are the 4 contingencies of employee involvement
Decision structure, source of decision knowledge, decision commitment, and risk of conflict
What is a heurisitics?
A rule of thumb that managers use to simplify decision making
What is intrinsic task motivation
the desire to work on something because its interesting, exciting, or personally challenging
What are the 5 factors that impeded on creativety?
Expected eveluation, surveilliance, external motivators, competition, and constrained choices
What is design thinking?
Approaching management problems as designers apporach design problems
What is big data
The vast amount of quantifable information that can be analyzed by highly sophistacted data processing
What are payoff matrices
used in decision making to identify risk in daily descisions with reference to monterary value
What is decision trees
Probabilities are assigned to each possible outcome and calculating payoff for each descision path
What is break-even analysis?
The point at which total revenue is able to cover total costs.
What is ratio analysis?
Compares two significant figures from financial statements that are expressed as a percentage or ratio
What is linear programming?
A mathematical technique that solves resource allocation problems
What is queing theory
Balances the cost of having a wait line vs the cost of mainting the line
What is economic order quantity?
Balances costs to minimize the total costs associated with ordering and carrying costs
What are the 4 views of ethics?
The utilitarian view, the rights view, the theory of justice view, and the integratie social contracts theory
What is the utilitarian view of ethics?
Decisions are made on the basis of outcomes or concequences.
What is the rights view of ethics
respecting and protecting individuals freedoms and privileges
What is the theory of justice view of ethics
managers imposing and enforcing rules fairly by following all legal rules and regulations
What is integrative social contract theory?
ethical decisions are based on existing ethical norms which determine what constitutes rights and wrong
What is social obligation
When a business firm engages in social actions because of its obligations to meet certain economic and legal responsibilities
What is social responsiveness
When a business firm engages in social actions in response to some popular social need
What are the approaches to CSR
Obstructionist approach, defenstive approach, accomodative approach, and proactive approach
What is the obstructionist approach
Disregards social responsibility
What is defensive approach
Minimal commitment to social responsibility
What is accomodative approach
Moderate commitment to social responsibiity
What is proactive apporach
Strong commitment to social responsibility
What is planning?
Defining goals, establishing strategy for achieivng those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activitites
What is infromal planning?
Nothing is written down and there is little sharing of goals with others
What is formal planning?
Goals are written then a specific action programs are used to develope the goals
What are the benefits of planning
Provides direction to both managers and employees, reduces uncertainty, reduces overplanning and wasteful activities, and facilitates control.
What is the difference b/w goals and objectives.
Goals are general and have a longer time frame. Objectives are more specific with shorter time frames.
What is traditional goal settings?
Goals at the top of the organization are broken in subgoals for each organization level. Uses a hierarchical structure.
What is management by objectives?
A process of setting mutally agreed goals and using performance goals with employees to review progress.
What does management by objectives consists of?
Goal specficiality, participative decison making, an explicit time period, and performance feedback.
What the steps in goal setting?
Review the organizations vision and mission statement, evaluate available resources, determine the goals indivudally or with input from others, ensure the goals are well written, review and assess goals, and link rewards to goal attainment
What are breath strategic plans?
Plans applying to the entire organization (Top-level managers)
What is a time frame plan?
The number of years used to define short-term and long-term plans. Long-term is beyond a year (low-level managers)
What are specific plans?
Plans that are clearly defined and leave no room for inerpretation (middle managers).
What are directional plans?
Plans that are flexible and that seek out general guidelines.
What are single-use plans
One time plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique situation
What are standing plans?
Ongoing plans that provide guideance for activities performed repeatedly
What are the contingency factors affecting the choice of plan?
Organizational level, degree of environmental uncertainity, and length of future comittments
What is the commitment concept?
Plans should extend far enough to meet comittments made when the plan was developed
What is forcasting?
Attempting to predict the future and developing plans accordingly
What is a contingency plan?
Identifying alternative plans for outcomes unexpected outcomes
What is scenario benchmarking
Developing plans based on the practices of competitors
What is process planning
Creating a framework of a general process required to reach ultimate goals
What is strategic manager?
What managers do to develope organizational strategies.
What is a business model?
A strategic design for how a company intends to profit from strategies, work processes, and activitites
What is the strategic management process?
- Identify the organizations current vision, mission, goals and strategies, 2. do an internal analysis (looks at resources, capabilities, and core competencies, 3. Do an external analysis (SWOT ), 4. Formulate strategies, 5. implement strategies, 6. evaluate results
What is a growth strategy?
Apart of a corporate strategies that expands the number of markets or products.
What is concentration
foucses on a primary line of business increasing the numeber of products /services
What is vertical integration
growth through inputs/outputs.
What is backward vertical integration
Organizations gains control of inputs by becoming its own supplier
What is forward vertical integration
organizations gain control of outputs by becoming its own distributer
What is horizontal integreation
Growing by combining competitors.
What is diversification
Growing by moving into a different industry
What is a stability strategy
After periods of uncertainity the organization continues
What is a renewal strategy?
Organization is in touble and needs to address declining performance
What is retrenchment strategy?
Minor performance problems need to stabilize operations, and prepfare organizations to compete once again.
What is a turnaround strategy?
More serious performance problems requiring drastic change
What is the four functions approach (SA)
Planning involves defining goals and establishing a strategy, organizing determines what tasks are to be done, by who, and how tasks are grouped, reporting structure, and where decisions are made, leading involves motivating subordinates, directing work, and selecting the most effective communication channels, controlling involves monitoring actual performance, comparting actural performance to a standard, and taking corrective action.
What are manageial roles? (sa)
Figurehead- performs rounte legal or social duties, leader - motivates and oversees staffing, training, and associated duties, Liason - maintains network of contact who provide favours and information, Monitor- sifts through internal/external info, Disseminator - Conveys complex info, Spokesperson - communications with stakeholders on organizational plans, Entrepreneur- identifies opportunities and brings about corrective changes, Disturbance Handler- takes corrective action when organization faces distrubance, Resource Allocator- Makes/ approves all significant organization decisions, and Negotiator- represents the organization
What are the different skills and competencies (SA)
Concepual Skills- analyzing and diagnosing complex situations to how they fit together to make good decisions, Interpersonal skills- Working with others by motivaitng mentoring, and delgating, Technical Skills - Job-specific knowledge, needed to perform work tasks
What are team process variables related to team effectiveness? (SA)
Common Plan & Purpose - provides direction and committment to members, Specific Goals- goals that give clear communication and help teams focus on results, Team Efficacy - the team believes in themsleves, Conflict- Relationship and task orientation.
What is Hofstede’s Six dimensions l (SA)
Power distance - high power accepts wide differences in power, and low power relates to inequalities, Indiviudalism Vs. Collectivsm - Indivuals look at a persons interests and collectivsm expects people to be looked after and protected, Manculinity and Femininity - Men are for achievements, women are for nuturting, Uncertainty Avoidance - High uncertainity is threated by stress and anxiety, low level certainity is comfortable with risk, Pragmatic vs Normative - Pragmatic relates to varying truths depenedent on the sitation, normative most people have a strong desire to explain, Indulgence Vs. Restraint - Indulgence looks at the future in a positive light and restrained looks at values and traditionals of the past supressing needs.
How do managers manage resistance to change? (SA)
There are technniques such as education and communication, participation, faciliation and support, negotitation, manipulation and co-optation, and coercion
What is a renewal strategy
Oganizational is in trouble and needs to address declining performance
What is a retrenchment strategy?
Minor performance problems that need to be stabilized
What is a turn around strategy?
Problems requiring drastic change
What is a cost leadership strategy?
Having the lowests costs and aiming it at a broad market
What is a differentiation strategy?
Offering unique products
What is a focus strategy?
A narrow segement or niche
What is stuck in the middle strategy
What will happen when the organization is stuck
What is organizational change
An alteration of peoples structure or technology in an organization
What are the external forces of change
Structure, technology, and people
What is a change agent?
Someone who assumes responsibility for manging the change process
What is calm waters metaphor
A description of organizational change that to make a predictable trip across while experiencing an occasional storm
What is the three step change process?
Unfreezing, changing, and refreezing
What is white-water rapids metaphor
A description of organizational changes that linkens to a small raft navigating a raging river
What is organizational development
Techniques or programs used to change people and the nature and quality of interperson work relationships
What does an organization rely on
Survey feedback, process consultation, team-building, intergroup development
Why doe people resist organizational change
Uncertainity, habit, concern over personal loss, and change is not in the organizations best interest
What is action research?
Kurt Lewins approach to proiblem solving view change in employee attitudes and behaviours while collecting data to dagnose the problem
What is apprecitative inquiry?
AI begins investingating what the organization is doing well then searchs for strengths to create a vision
What is the four -d model of appreciative inquirty
Discovery - identifying the best of what is, Dreaming- enviosning what might be, designigning- engaging in dialogue about what should be and delivering - Developing objectives about what will be
What is karoshi
A japanese term that refers to a suddent death caused by overworking
What causes stress
Task demands, role demands, interpersonal demands, organization structure organizational leaderhip, personal factors
What is an idea chamption
Indiviudals who actively support new ideas
