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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of a Gas

A

A gas has fast moving particles that have no definite shape or volume

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2
Q

What happens to particles at higher temperatures

A

At higher temperatures, particles move faster

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3
Q

What is the reverse of condensation?

A

Evaporation

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4
Q

What is the reverse of freezing

A

Melting

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5
Q

What is the reverse of sublimation

A

Deposition

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6
Q

What do physical properties include?

A

Physical properties include density, boiling point, melting point, size, shape, etc.

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7
Q

What do chemical properties include?

A

Chemical properties include: reactivity with acids

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8
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

An Endothermic reaction is when heat is absorbed from the environment

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9
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

An Exothermic reaction is when heat is released to the environment

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10
Q

How is a compound formed?

A

A compound is formed when two or more elements join together chemically

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11
Q

What is the smallest particle which an element can be divided and still be the same substance?

A

An atom is the smallest particle which an element can be divided and still be the same substance. According to the ancient Greek definition of an atom, it is a particle that cannot be cut.

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12
Q

What has the least mass compared to other particles that make up an atom?

A

An electron has the least mass compared to other particles that make up an atom, such as protons and neutrons. In fact, protons and neutrons, which make up the nucleus of an atom, have about 1800 times the mass of an electron.

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13
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is the central region of the atom where most of the mass is concentrated.

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14
Q

What is an electron?

A

An electron is a negatively charged particle discovered by J.J. Thomson.

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15
Q

What is a neutron?

A

A neutron is a subatomic particle in the center of the atom that has no charge.

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16
Q

What is a proton?

A

A proton is a subatomic particle with a positive charge.

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17
Q

What is a region where electrons are likely to be found?

A

An electron cloud is a region where electrons are likely to be found.

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18
Q

What is the Atomic mass unit?

A

Atomic mass unit is a unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom or molecule.

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19
Q

How do the number of protons define an element?

A

The number of protons define an element. An isotope has the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. So for example, all isotopes of Carbon have 6 protons, and all isotopes of Oxygen have 8 protons.

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20
Q

What is the Atomic mass or mass number mean?

A

The atomic mass or mass number is the total of protons and neutrons, usually found at the bottom of the element symbol. So, if helium has 2 protons and 2 neutrons, it has an atomic mass, or mass number of 4.

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21
Q

What does the atomic number mean?

A

The atomic number is the number of protons, usually found at the top of an element symbol.

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22
Q

What does the Periodic Law state?

A

The Periodic Law states that properties of elements change periodically with the elements’ atomic numbers.

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23
Q

Describe what the vertical columns mean on the periodic table.

A

Each vertical column on the periodic table is called a group, since they have similar chemical properties.

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24
Q

What are the rows on the periodic table called?

A

Each horizontal row is called a period.

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25
Q

What two factors determine speed?

A

Two factors that determine speed are distance and time.

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26
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

A

The main difference between speed and velocity is velocity has direction and speed does not.

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27
Q

What is the definition of a force?

A

A force is a push or pull exerted on an object to change the object’s motion.

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28
Q

What happens when net forces equal zero?

A

When net forces equal zero, they are balanced.

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29
Q

What is the only type of force that can change the direction or speed of an object?

A

Only an unbalanced force can change the direction or speed of an object.

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30
Q

Describe Newton’s first Law.

A

Law 1: The law of inertia, which states an object at rest wants to stay at rest, and an object moving at a constant speed in a straight path will continue to do so, unless an unbalanced force acts on it.

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31
Q

Describe Newton’s second Law.

A

Law 2: F = ma, or a = F/m; acceleration is caused by a force acting on a mass.

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32
Q

Describe Newton’s third law:

A

Law 3: Action-Reaction; for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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33
Q

What is friction?

A

Friction is the force that opposes the motion between two surfaces in contact.

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34
Q

What is kinetic friction?

A

Kinetic friction is the force caused when two surfaces are moving relative to each other. For example, when a crate is sliding on a floor.

35
Q

What is static friction?

A

Static friction is the force that keeps two surfaces held in place, until a large enough applied force overcomes it. If you apply a horizontal force to a block on a table and it does not move, then the static friction force is keeping the block in place.

36
Q

What happens when the distance between two masses increases?

A

As the distance between two masses increases, the force due to gravity decreases.

37
Q

What is the definition of weight?

A

Weight is a measure of the gravitational force acting on an object.

38
Q

What is the law of Universal Gravitation?

A

The law of Universal Gravitation, developed by Newton, says that the gravitational force is related to mass and distance.

39
Q

Describe net force.

A

The net force is the sum total, or combination, of all forces acting on an object. A force is a vector, so direction must be considered. For instance, if a force of 12 N north and a force of 6 N south is applied to an object, the net force would be 6 N north.

40
Q

Describe what mass is.

A

Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object.

41
Q

What is Archimedes’ Principle?

A

Archimedes’ Principle is used to determine buoyant force. Buoyant force = Weight of fluid displaced

42
Q

What is Bernoulli’s Principle?

A

Bernoulli’s Principle states that the pressure in a fluid decreases as the fluid’s velocity increases.

43
Q

What is Pascal’s Principle?

A

Pascal’s Principle is used by hydraulic devices to multiply force.

44
Q

What is buoyant force?

A

Buoyant force is the upward force exerted by a fluid that increases as the density of the fluid increases.

45
Q

What is thrust?

A

Thrust is the forward force produced by an airplane’s engine.

46
Q

What is drag?

A

Drag is the force that works against the forward motion of a plane.

47
Q

What is the SI unit for both speed and velocity?

A

The SI unit for both speed and velocity is m/s (meters per second).

48
Q

What happens to any object that increases its velocity?

A

Any object that increases its velocity will increase its momentum.

49
Q

What is the law of conservation of momentum?

A

The law of conservation of momentum states that when two (or more) objects collide, their combined momentum remains the same after the collision.

50
Q

Why do astronauts in space appear weightless?

A

Astronauts in space appear weightless since they are in a continuous free fall while in orbit.

51
Q

What happens to all projectile motion?

A

All projectile motion is accelerated vertically downward (toward the center or Earth).

52
Q

What are some examples of projectile motion?

A

Examples of projectile motion include: cannonballs, baseballs, javelins, jumping insects while in flight. A sliding hockey puck would NOT be an example of projectile motion.

53
Q

What happens to different sized objects when the fall?s

A

All objects, regardless of their mass, will fall at the same rate when dropped from rest, and will hit the ground at the same time assuming their is no air resistance.

54
Q

Describe how mass affects inertia, and what inertia is.

A

The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has. Inertia is the property mass has that causes it to resist a change in motion. A 2 kg mass has less inertia than a 3 kg mass (it is easier to move).

55
Q

Describe how you would calculate momentum of a 60 kg cart with a constant velocity of 2 m/s.

A

Momentum is calculated by multiplying mass (in kg) times velocity (in m/s).
p = m X v
So, 60 times 2 = 2 kg*m/s

56
Q

Describe what terminal velocity is.

A

An object reaches terminal velocity when force of gravity is equal to the air resistance.

57
Q

What is the SI unit for pressure?

A

The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa)
Pressure is calculated by dividing force by area
pressure = force/area
1 Pa is the force of 1 newton exerted over an area of 1 square meter.

58
Q

What happens with atmospheric pressure as you go up or down in elevation?

A

The atmospheric pressure increases as you go from the top of a mountain down to sea level (more air mass above you pushing down on everything), and vice versa.

59
Q

Which direction will a fluid flow?

A

A fluid will flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

60
Q

What is pressure?

A

The force exerted on a given area is known as pressure. When air is pumped into a tire, the force per unit area increases. The formula for calculating pressure (in Pascals Pa), is p = force/area

61
Q

What is a machine?

A

A machine is a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force.

62
Q

Describe what work input and work output is with a machine.

A

The work done by a machine is called work output. The work you do on a machine is called work input.

63
Q

What does mechanical advantage mean with a machine and how is it calculated?

A

The number of times a machine multiplies force is known as the mechanical advantage. The general equation for mechanical advantage is: MA = output force/input force

64
Q

How do you calculate work, and what is the SI unit?

A

Work is calculated by multiplying force times distance.
W = F X d
The SI unit is the joule (J), which is the newton-meter since you are multiplying force (in newtons) times distance (in meters).

65
Q

Describe how a ramp, which is a simple machine, makes lifting heavy objects easier.

A

A ramp, which is a simple machine, makes lifting a heavy object easier by allowing you to use less force over a longer distance.

66
Q

What is the definition of work?

A

Work is the transfer of energy to an object by using a force that causes the object to move in the direction of the force. In order for work to be done on an object, it must move in the same direction of the force.

67
Q

Describe what a wheel and axle is.

A

A wheel and axle is a simple machine with 2 circular devices of different sizes connected together.

68
Q

What is the definition of power and how is it calculated?

A

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed. To calculate power, you divide the amount of work done (in joules J) by the time it takes to do that work (in seconds). So the formula for power is:
P = work/time
The SI unit for power is the watt (W), which means joules per second (J/s)

69
Q

What does friction do to some of a roller coaster’s initial potential energy?

A

When there is friction on a roller coaster, some of the initial potential energy is not converted to kinetic energy.

70
Q

What happens whenever one form of energy is converted to another form?

A

Whenever one form of energy is converted to another, some of the original energy is always converted to thermal energy (heat).

71
Q

How is energy measured?

A

All types of energy are measured in SI unites of Joules (J).

72
Q

What is the difference between energy and work?

A

Energy is the ability to do work, or what allows work to be done. Work is the transfer of energy.

73
Q

Describe energy conversion.

A

There are several types of energy. Energy can change from one form to another. This is known as energy conversion. Note that whenever one form of energy converts to another, some of the original energy is always converted to thermal energy (heat).

74
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy (K.E.) is the energy of motion. Any object with mass that is moving has kinetic energy.

75
Q

What is potential energy and what are some types of potential energy?

A

Potential energy is the stored energy an object has due to its position. There are several types of potential energy, including:

Gravitational potential energy (G.P.E.) = this is the energy you give an object when you raise it upward against a gravitational force, such that it is higher than it was initially

Elastic potential energy = the energy stored in a stretched or twisted rubber band, elastic cord, spring, or bow

Chemical potential energy - the energy stored in chemical compounds such as food, fossil fuels, batteries, explosives, etc.

Nuclear potential energy - the energy stored in the nucleus of atoms. When changes in the atom’s nucleus occur, the energy can be released. Such as nuclear fission, when a larger nucleus splits into smaller nuclei; or nuclear fusion, when two smaller nuclei fuse into a larger nucleus.

76
Q

What are some other types of energy?

A

Other types of energy: Thermal energy (heat), Sound energy, Light energy

77
Q

What is mechanical energy (M.E.)?

A

Mechanical Energy (M.E.) is the sum total of potential and kinetic energy.

78
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

79
Q

Describe what happens with potential energy, kinetic energy, and friction on a roller coaster.

A

A roller coaster has the maximum potential energy at the top of the highest hill, and the maximum kinetic energy at the bottom of the lowest point. Because of friction, some of the initial potential energy is not converted into kinetic energy.

80
Q

How does a hair dryer change energy?

A

A hair dryer changes electrical energy into thermal energy (heat).

81
Q

How does your body change energy from food?

A

Your body converts the chemical energy of food into kinetic energy and thermal energy (heat).

82
Q

How does an electric generator convert energy?

A

An electric generator converts kinetic energy into electrical energy.

83
Q

Describe some differences with renewable and nonrenewable resources.

A

Fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable resources; wind and solar are considered renewable.

84
Q

How is Mechanical Efficiency calculated?

A

M.E. = (work output / work input) X 100

expressed as a percentage

Science (4 decks)

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