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Psychotherapy > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural intersections

A

When someone is a part of two different marginalized cultures

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2
Q

Culturally informed practice

A

Cultural knowledge when it comes to diagnosis, psychodynamic, behavioral, family systems, pharmacology, etc

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3
Q

Code that has overarching principles and specific rules for culture

A

APA ethics code

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4
Q

Multicultural therapies

A

Cultural relativism and cultural universality

Therapist awareness, education, efforts to invite discussion

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5
Q

Multicultural theory

A

Comceptualizes problems as

  • Understandable reactions to unacceptable pressure
  • Reactions that need to be understood and channeled productively
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6
Q

Psychopathology of cultural differences

A

Discrimination, acculturation, microaggressions, immigration, internalized isms, limited in group support

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7
Q

Macro level isms

A

economic and health care disparities, white cis/hetero normatively

Client does not need to be fully aware of these to be affected

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8
Q

5 commonalities among psychodynamic theories

A

Much of mental life is unconscious

Thoughts, emotions, motivations about something can conflict

Personality formation begins in childhood

Mental représentations of self, others, relationships guide interactions and psychological symptoms

Development - movement from an immature, socially dependent state to a mature, independent state

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9
Q

The ID

A

Demanding- Pressure principle

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10
Q

The EGO

A

Peace officer - ruled by the reality principle

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11
Q

SUPEREGO

A

The judge - ruled by the moral principle

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12
Q

Ego defense mechanisms

A

Normal, UNCONSIOUS processes that distort reality

Help the individual cope with anxiety

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13
Q

Projection (defense mechanism)

A

I’m not mad, you’re mad

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14
Q

Discplacement (defense mechanism)

A

Anger towards dad is directed on brother

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15
Q

Sublimation (defense mechanism)

A

Turning my anger against mom into athletics

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16
Q

Reaction formation (defense mechanism)

A

Homosexual attraction channeled into violence towards gay people

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17
Q

Fixation (Freud)

A

Failure to resolve core issues in a psychosexual stage

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18
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Phallic stage of development

Feelings of desire for opposite sex parent

Competition with same sex parent

Can result in fixation

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19
Q

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages

A

Helped to bring psychoanalysis to focus on “ego psychology”

Stages emphasize social development and drive for mastery and competence

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20
Q

Goals in psychoanalysis

A

Make the unconscious conscious

strengthen the ego so it can tolerate reality and use defenses flexibly

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21
Q

Psychodynamic approaches - what the therapist does - four things

A

Preserve the analytical framework

monitor ego strength

Generate/discover intrapsychic material

Interpret the material

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22
Q

Psychodynamic approach: Preserve the analytic framework

A

Boundaries of time, setting and roles stay the same

Blank screen, rigid environment

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23
Q

Psychodynamic approach: Monitor ego strength

A

Bring unconscious material to consciousness

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24
Q

Psychodynamic approach: generate/ discover intrapsychic material

A

Including therapeutic strategies (free association, dream analysis, etc)

Mainly: Allow transference to develop, analyzing resistance

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25
Q

Transference

A

Allow client to transfer feelings/ thoughts/ emotions from someone else onto the therapist

Client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other

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26
Q

Countertransference

A

The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity

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27
Q

Resistance

A

Anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the production of unconscious material

hesitation answering questions, cancelling appointments, etc

Analyzing this helps the therapist to understand the patient better

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28
Q

Psychodynamic approach: Interpret the material

A

Confronting and clarifying

Interpreting and telling the patient what you interpret, noticing the patient’s reaction when you tell them

Working through (main part, takes the longest)- becoming conscious of impulses and defenses

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29
Q

Psychodynamic therapy effectiveness

A

Better than supportive control therapies or no therapy but same or less efffective than CBT

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30
Q

Limited time (brief) psychodynamic therapy

A

Make this type of therapy competitive in the marketplace by making it empirically testable and deliverable

Limited amount of sessions - get to the point quicker

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31
Q

Limitations of psychodynamic therapies

A

May not be appropriate for all cultures and SES groups

Stuidied by old whit emen

Lengthier treatment may not be practical or affordable

Minimizes the role of the environment on functioning

Requires extensive therapist training

difficult to study empirically

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32
Q

Evidence based practice (EBP)

A

Policy makers argue that effectiveness claims of therapy should be evidence based

Integration of: patient unique characteristics, clinical expertise, best available research evidence

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33
Q

Issue with EBP - what counts as evidence?

A

The therapy works only for the people who the therapy worked for, and these are the people who are documented

34
Q

How does Tolin et al argue that EBP should be handled?

A

Should be more emphasis on Empirically supported treatment (EST) and THEN consider patient characteristics and clinical expertise

35
Q

What makes a good EST?

A

Efficacy- benefits are due to the effects of the treatment and not confounding factors

Randomized controlled trial (RCT)

36
Q

Randomized control trial

A

Causal inference, control group, falsifiability, transparency

37
Q

Falsifiability

A

There is an expectation for what is supposed to happen/ what is supposed to improve

Hypothesis can be supported or cannot be supported – can’t change your mind for what your expectation is

38
Q

Transparency

A

Clear roadmap for how these trials are supposed to occur

39
Q

Stages of EST

A

Open trial- figure out if it even has a chance of working before you spend a ton of money

Efficacy- does it work? Under ideal conditions? Better than another treatment? Holding everything else constant?

Effectiveness- Does it work under real conditions?

40
Q

Criticisms of EST’s

A

Treatments are adapted to meet the research designs rather than vice versa (tail wags the dog)

Gold standard treatment - treatments viewed as the optimal treatment rather than the example

Straw man problem- control conditions are not representative of what clinicians are actually doing

Allegiance effects- favored treatments usually win over competing treatments

External validity problems (different settings, patients, cultures, outcomes)

41
Q

Behaviorism and opinion on mentalism

A

Cannot directly observe mental thoughts, beliefs, unconscious so it is not important

42
Q

Classical conditioning

A

UCS = UCR
UCS + NS = UCR
NS = CR

Baby Albert and white bunny

43
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Reinforcement and punishment

44
Q

Criticism to conditioning methods

A

These approaches are “reductionist”

No two people’s earning histories are the same, behavior must be understood in context, treatment is highly individualized

45
Q

Anxiety symptoms and conditioning - how does it work

A

Fear association develops through classical conditioning

Fear association is maintained through operant conditioning (negative reinforcement)

46
Q

Fear response and habituation, extinction

A

Habituation: fear cannot be maintained for too long so it will subside eventually. More exposure = more habituation = lesser response to stimulus over time

Extinction- results after the person has the stimulus + no fear = no more fear

47
Q

Classical conditioning and fear development

A

Getting bit by snake = fear = don’t want to do that again

48
Q

Operant conditioning and fear maintaining fear

A

Avoidance is negatively enforced- staying further away = less fear

Approach behavior is positively punished- approach snake = fear, anxiety

49
Q

Treatment of exposure therapy how it works

A

Aims to “unlink” the conditioned stimulus to fear response through exposure

Prevent avoidance

Allow habituation and extinction to occur

50
Q

Systematic desensitization (exposure therapy)

A

Graduated expose to feared situation or event

Goals are habituation and extinction

51
Q

ABC Model

A

Antecedents- constants of how and why the habit happens

Behaviors - the habit

Consequences- come up with ways that make them not want to do the behavior

52
Q

Social Learning Approach

A

Gives importance to the interactions between a person’s behavior and the environment

53
Q

Social learning and family processes

A

Child learns from how their parent reacts to them for good or bad behavior. This then generalizes into social exchanges outside of the household (school, peers)

54
Q

Child behavior management strategies

A

Reinforcement over punishment- token system reinforces positive behaviors

Consistency and follow through

Non-harsh

55
Q

Limitations of behavior therapy

A

heavy focus on behavioral exchange may detract from client’s emotions and thoughts

Does not place emphasis on insight

Focuses on symptoms rather than underlying causes of maladaptive behaviors

Power imbalance- chance for the therapist to manipulate the patient with this approach

56
Q

Systems perspective

A

Look at why something is happening rather than just acknowledging that it is happening

57
Q

Family systems perspective

A

Understand individuals by how they interact with their family

58
Q

Family systems - symptoms

A

an expression of dysfiunction within a family

59
Q

Identified patient

A

why the family is coming to therapy, the problem

60
Q

The symptom bearer

A

person who has the problem in the family - bearing the weight of the family

61
Q

Scapegoating

A

blaming one person for the family’s problems

62
Q

Organization lens

A

How is the family organized?

Embedded subsystems, power hierarchy, boundaries, autonomy of individuals in the family

Family genogram

63
Q

Teleological lense

A

What is the identified problem? Purpose that the family is in therapy?

64
Q

Sequences and patterns lens (face to face)

A

Real time interactions that happen within the family, patterns

65
Q

Sequences and patterns lens (routines)

A

The specific routines of the day to day life of the family

Parent work schedule, school schedule, kid doing parental duties

66
Q

Sequences and patterns lens (ebbs and flows of life)

A

What does the family’s life look like when it’s back to school time? Marriages? Family reunions?

67
Q

Sequences and patterns lens (transgenerational)

A

Repeated patterns across generations

68
Q

Developmental lens

A

Development of the family, not the individuals

When were there children, when do they get married, what do the parents do, retirement? Grandparents in the house?

Useful for step families and multicultural families

69
Q

Individual’s Internal Family System Lens

A

How each family member views their family dynamic

70
Q

Multicultural lens

A

Intra and inter cultural experiences

71
Q

Gender lens

A

Something you can learn about the family based on gender roles/ power dynamics

72
Q

Process lens

A

Noticed in the therapy room- “how” is the family interacting rather than “what” they are doing

73
Q

Family therapy technique - joining

A

convince the family that the therapist is on their side, build trust

74
Q

Family therapy technique - enactment

A

therapist has the family act out a problem area

75
Q

Family therapy technique- reframing and insight

A

helping the family to understand the problems in a new way

76
Q

Family therapy technique- valuing and inclusion

A

make sure all the family members are included, especially the ones who are normally absent

77
Q

Issues with general therapy

A

therapist gender and culture, missing persons in the family, tensions between individual and systems approach, based on the western family model

78
Q

Liddle - Family therapy

A

Adolescent problems are multidimensional

Problem situations provide essential info and opportunity

Therapist responsibility is emphasized

79
Q

Foa Reading

A

Focuses on why PTSD occurs and relates it to the effectiveness of exposure therapy

80
Q

Ruglass Reading

A

Those who went through COPE and RPT experienced a greater reduction in PTSD symptom severity compared to AMCG.

The difference between the effectiveness of COPE and RPT was not significant for the entire sample, however the data showed that there was a significant difference in the subset for only PTSD, that COPE resulted in a significantly greater diminishment of PTSD symptoms compared to RPT.

Psychotherapy (2 decks)

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