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Abnormal Psych > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

4 D’s of a Mental Disorder

A

deviance, dysfunction, distress, dangerousness

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2
Q

Dimensions underlying mental disorders

A

normal->mental disorder: more severe

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3
Q

History of Abnormal: Pre-common era

A

cause by supernatural phenomena, exorcism for treatments or trephination

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4
Q

Greek and Roman Thought

A

Hippocrates thought brain dysfunction was the reason for disorder

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5
Q

Renaissance

A

brought use of asylums, good intent, turned bad until eventually reformed

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6
Q

Dimensional Perspective

A

thought, behaviors, and emotions are a continuum of impairment

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7
Q

Primary Prevention

A

targeting groups who have not developed mental disorder: school curriculum, non discrimination, improve housing, educational resources

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8
Q

secondary prevention

A

addressing problems as they emerge while they are still manageable, before they become resistant to intervention

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9
Q

tertiary prevention

A

reducing the severity, duration, and negative effects of a mental disorder after its onset

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10
Q

consumer perspective

A

present relevant info in a way that will be easy to retain

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11
Q

biological model

A

focuses on genetics, nervous system and neurons, brain and brain changes, other factors like hormones

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12
Q

evaluating the biological model

A

pros: highly respected, findings have helped our understanding of many disorders
cons: not a full account of any disorder, denies crucial environmental/other factors that influence behavior

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13
Q

psychodynamic model

A

id(pleasure principle), ego(reality), and superego(internalized ideals). Psychosexual stages from birth to adolescence. Uses defense mechanisms to describe coping strategies.

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14
Q

Evaluating psychodynamic model

A

pros: focus on importance of early childhood, defense mechanisms make sense
cons: little empirical evidence supports, over emphasis of sexual and aggressive energy as engine of behavior

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15
Q

humanistic model

A

concepts include: self-actualization, conditional and unconditional positive regard, empathy, existential aspects of life, meaning of life

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16
Q

Maslow

A

(humanistic) well known for hierarchy of needs and self-actualization:
physiological->physical safety/security->social belonging->esteem and ego (accomplishments)->self actualization

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17
Q

Rogers

A

(humanist) client-centered therapy, importance of empathy and positivity in relationships

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18
Q

May

A

(humanist) best known for focus on existential aspects of psych including authenticity and meaning of life

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19
Q

evaluating the humanistic model

A

pros: focuses on human choice and growth, more optimistic, emphasizes responsibility, roger’s approach has been very important to helping clients
cons: more grounded in philosophy than science, many factors other than human perception influence behavior and disorders

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20
Q

cog-behavioral model

A

classic conditioning, schemas, working on cognition to modify cognitive set and thus change behavior

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21
Q

evaluating the cognitive behavioral model

A

pros: revolutionized treatment of many disorders, many of the treatments prove successful in therapy
cons: sometimes reductionistic, in that it reduces complex disorders to aberrant thinking, does not help understand etiology

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22
Q

sociocultural model

A

culture ethnicity race social upbringing and community have a large role in shaping cognition. different disorders more common in different genders and cultures and communities. family plays a big role

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23
Q

evaluating sociocultural model

A

pros: highlights importance of social influences on cognition, provides good info on stressors
cons: linking social, cultural, or envi factors to health can only be correlational, not everyone exposed to various adverse influences will go on to develop disorder

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24
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

diathesis: predisposition or vulnerability to developing disorder, can be genetic, biological, or developmental
stress: environmental stressors trigger onset of disorder, can be noxious physical stressors, relationships, jobs, trauma, abuse, neglect

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25
Q

treatment seeking

A

less than half of people with mental disorder seek treatment, treatment costs $57.5 billion annually

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26
Q

protective factors

A

individual-level: above average intelligence, positive demeanor, social competence, spirituality or religion

family: smaller family structure, supportive parents, good sibling relations, adequate rule-setting

community/social: commitment to schools, available healthcare, social cohesion

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27
Q

dimensional approach to diagnosis

A

4 Ds: behavior deviates from norm, dysfunctional to life, accompanied by personal distress or dangerousness. viewed on continuum from normal to severe disorder

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28
Q

categorical approach

A

large class of frequently observed syndromes composed of abnormal features, DSM

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29
Q

objective vs projective personality measures

A

objective: validity indicators, clinical scales, somatic/cog scales, internalizing, externalizing, interpersonal, PSY-5
projective: rorschach, thematic apperception

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30
Q

behavioral assessments

A

naturalistic observation, controlled observation, self-monitoring

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31
Q

anxiety disorders: prevalence, most common examples

A

most common mental disorders in the US, as many as 19% of Americans suffer from one anxiety disorders that include: separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, selective mutism, social anxiety disorder (social phobia- most common), agoraphobia, panic disorder, or substance/medication induced anxiety disorder

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32
Q

OC and related disorders

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair pulling), excoriation disorder (skin picking), substance/med induced ocd

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33
Q

major trauma and stressor related disorders

A

reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, PTSD, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders

34
Q

comorbidity of anxiety disorders

A

most common: one caused by another, then two independent, then one by itself

35
Q

worry vs anxiety vs fear

A

worry is a cognitive state in reaction to possible future threat, where anxiety is an emotional state in reaction to approaching threat. fear is emotional state when event is occurring or imminent

36
Q

panic attack symptoms

A

need 4 of the following: pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, choking feeling, chest pain or discomfort, nausea/abdominal distress, dizzy or faint, chills or heat, parenthesis (pins and needles), derealization/depersonalization, fear of losing control, fear of dying

37
Q

panic disorder

A

A. recurrent panic attacks
B.one of the attacks has to be followed by one+ months of the following:
1. concern about future attacks
2. significant maladaptive behavior change

38
Q

agoraphobia

A 
A. marked fear or anxiety about 2+ of the following
1. using public transport
2. being in open spaces
3. being in enclosed spaces
4. standing in line or being in a crowd
5. being outside of the home alone
B. fears or avoid these situations
C. provokes fear or anxiety
D. actively avoids
E. out of proportion to danger
F. 6+ months
G. significant distress
39
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder or social phobia

A

A. fear of social situations where scrutiny is possible
B. fear of negative evaluation
C. the social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety
D. social situations are avoided or anxiously endured
E. out of proportion fear
F. fear lasting 6+ months
G. significant distress

40
Q

Specific Phobia

A

A. Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
B. provokes immediate fear or anxiety
C. actively avoided or endured w intense anxiety or
D. disproportionate fear
E. 6+ months
F. significant distress

41
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

A. Excessive anxiety + worrying occurring more days than not for 6+ months
B. difficulty controlling worry
C. 3+ of the following, some present more than not, for 6+ months
1. restlessness, on edge
2. easily fatigued
3. difficulty concentrating
4. irritability
5. muscle tension
6. sleep disturbance
D. significant distress
E. not attributable to substance or another condition. does not exclusively occur during mood disorder, psychotic disorder, or PDD
F. not better explained by another disorder
F.

42
Q

OCD

A

A. presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both

B. time consuming or significant distress

43
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

A. difficulty discarding or parting with possessions
B. perceived need to save, distress discarding
C. significant distress

44
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

A. preoccupation with one or more flaws in physical appearance
B. repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to appearance concerns
C. preoccupation causes significant distress

45
Q

acute stress disorder

A 
A. exposure to threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in 1+ of the following ways:
1. directly experiencing trauma
2. witnessing trauma on others
3. learning trauma has happened to a loved one
4. experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of trauma
B. 9+ of the following:
1. distressing memories of trauma
2. distressing dreams
3. dissociative reactions
4. intense distress at cues
5. inability to experience positivity
6. altered sense of reality
7. inability to remember event
8. avoidance of distressing memory
9. avoidance of external reminders
10. sleep disturbance
11. irritable
12. hypervigilance
13. problems with concentration
14. exaggerated startle response
-3 days to one month after traumatic experience
46
Q

PTSD

A

A. exposure to threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in 1+ of the following ways:
1. directly experiencing trauma
2. witnessing trauma on others
3. learning trauma has happened to a loved one
4. experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of trauma
B. presence of one or more of the following:
1. intrusive distressing memory of trauma
2. recurrent distressing dreams
3. dissociative reactions
4. psychological distress
5. psychological reactions
C. avoidance of stimuli associated w trauma, 1 or both of following
1. avoidance of distressing memories thoughts feelings about or related to trauma
2. avoidance or efforts to avoid external reminders
D. negative alterations in cognition or mood in assoc w trauma, evidenced by 2+:
1. inability to remember trauma
2. persistent negative beliefs
3. distorted cognitions about the cause of trauma
4. negative emotional state
5. diminished interest or participation in activity
6. detachment from others
7. inability to experience positivity
E. alterations in reactivity and arousal, marked by 2+:
1. irritable
2. reckless or self destructive
3. hypervigilance
4. exaggerated startle
5. problems w concentration
6. sleep disturbance
E. MORE THAN ONE MONTH
F. significant distress

47
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A
  • developmentally inappropriate fear of separation

- at least 4 weeks in kids, 6+ months in adults

48
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • almost 30% of adults at some point
  • social anxiety and specific phobia are most common
  • 23% seek treatment
  • tend to begin at 19-31
  • 13 for social phobia
  • 7 for separation anxiety
  • more common in women
  • highly comorbid
  • moderately genetic
  • serotonin and norepinephrine
49
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A
  • physical symptom may or may not have discoverable cause
  • excessive thoughts and anxiety related
  • @ least 6 months
50
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A
  • preoccupation with having or acquiring serious illness
  • @ least 6 months
  • few or no somatic symptoms present
51
Q

conversion disorder

A

-one or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function

52
Q

factitious disorder on self

A

-falsification of physical symptoms on self

53
Q

factitious disorder on another

A
  • falsification of symptoms on another with deceptive intent
  • frequently parent on child
  • perpetrator, not victim, received diagnoses
54
Q

somatic symptom disorders

A
  • difficult to collect data
  • moderate genetic basis
  • amygdala and limbic system
55
Q

dissociative amnesia

A
  • inability to recall info, usually of traumatic nature
  • lost info often about one event
  • not caused by substance use
  • dissociative fugue disorder is classified under this, travel or wandering along with amnesia
56
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A
  • ‘split personality disorder’
  • 2+ personality states
  • not explained by broadly accepted cultural practice
  • gaps in recall
  • 2 way amnesic relation: none of the personalities are aware of each other
  • 1 way: some are aware of others
  • mutual: they’re all aware of each other
57
Q

depersonalization/ derealization disorder

A
  • reality testing remains intact

- personalization is detachment from self, realization from surroundings

58
Q

dissociative disorders

A
  • more common in black americans
  • highly comorbid with others
  • memory changes
  • amygdala, locus coeruleus, thalamus, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, frontal cortex
59
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  • depressed mood or loss of interest present during at least 2 week periods
  • appetite changes
  • insomnia or hypersomnia likely
  • no manic episodes
60
Q

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

A
  • depressed mood most of the time at least 2 years

- major but longer

61
Q

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A
  • temper outbursts and angry mood
  • inconsistent w development level
  • diagnosis shouldn’t be before 6 or after 18, age of onset must be before age 10
  • don’t have hypermania
62
Q

hypomanic episode v manic episode

A

hypomanic is not severe enough to cause impairment in normal functioning, manic is

63
Q

bipolar I

A
  • at least 1 manic

- depression or mania not better explained elsewhere

64
Q

bipolar II

A
  • at least 1 hypomanic
  • at least 1 major depressive episode
  • never been a manic episode
65
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

-at least two years of periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms

66
Q

depressive and bipolar disorders

A
  • depression twice as common in women
  • completion of suicide more common in men, attempts more common in women
  • bipolar less common
  • limbic system
  • serotonin and norepinephrine, cortisol in depression
67
Q

negative cognitive triad

A
  • i will never amount to anything
  • i am hopeless
  • the world is against me
68
Q

MAOIs

A
  • increase serotonin and norepinephrine

- toxic food reactions

69
Q

tricyclics

A
  • norepinephrine and serotonin

- more negative side effects

70
Q

SNRIs

A
  • reuptake inhibitors for norepinephrine and serotonin

- cymbalta

71
Q

SSRIs

A
  • prevent serotonin reuptake

- associated with increased suicide attempts

72
Q

lithium

A
  • mood stabilizer

- increases serotonin, decreases others

73
Q

divalproex

A
  • anticonvulsant
  • sedating
  • increases GABA
74
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

-severe depression or mania

75
Q

anorexia nervosa

A
  • restriction of intake-> significant weight loss
  • intense fear of weight gain
  • can involve purging or restricting
  • low body weight
  • lack of seriousness about low weight
76
Q

binging/purging cycle

A

diet->break diet->binging triggered->purging->self hatred asnd shame

77
Q

bulimia nervosa

A
  • recurrent binge eating
  • inappropriate compensatory behaviors
  • 3+ months
  • negative self evaluation
78
Q

binge-eating disorder

A
  • recurrent episodes, more rapid eating, until uncomfortably full, not hungry, eating alone, depressed or guilty
  • at least once a week for 3 months
79
Q

eating disorders

A
  • peak age of onset is 15-19 for anorexia
  • average death at 49-61
  • 23% seek treatment
  • bulimia mostly in western cultures
  • nucleus accumbens, prefrontal, orbitofrontal, somatosensory, thalamus
  • serotonin, dopamine, endogenous opioids
  • perfectionism and impulsivity common
  • SSRIs and antipsychotics used to treat
80
Q

family factors of EDs

A
  • insecure attachment
  • reinforcement from family
  • model mothers
  • hyperemotional families
  • neglect and maltreatment

Abnormal Psych (2 decks)

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