Exam 2 Flashcards
substance use disorder
- repeated use of substances -> recurring problems evident
- impaired control (trouble cutting down), social impairment, risky use, tolerance, withdrawal
psychological dependence
drug seeking behavior
‘need drug to function’
social impairment
missing school, neglecting others, driving under the influence, mistreating others, arguing with others
risky use
use persists even in light of knowledge of harm
continuum of substance use disorders
normal to severe substance-related disorder in emotions, cognitions, and behaviors
binges
when someone remains intoxicated for an extended period of time
potential side effects of withdrawal
autonomic hyperactivity, nausea, vomiting, tremors, fever, seizures, hallucinations, anxiety, death
depressants
inhibit the central nervous system: alcohol, anesthetics, barbiturates, and sleep drugs
alcohol
affects GABA system which is responsible for inhibition, so it has disinhibiting effects. Increases sex drive, decreases performance, makes one more irresponsible
blood alcohol level
% of alcohol in blood, 0.4 is the LD50 (kills half of people)
binge drinking
drinking a lot in a short period of time. 5+ drinks in 2 hours for men, 4+ in women. effects of mixing substances are multiplicative not additive. strongest predictor in college students: frat involvement
cirrhosis of liver
scarring of liver tissue
Korsakoff’s syndrome
confusion, memory loss, and coordination deficiencies from too much alcohol
stimulants
activate CNS- caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines
bio risk factors for substance use disorders
- genetics are a factor, especially for alcoholism
- brain features: mesolimbic system (dopamine reward pathway), this system involves the amygdala, anterior cingulate, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, hippocampus, insula, pfc, orbitofrontal cortex
- dopamine pathways
neurochemical factors: substance use related disorders
many drugs including alc, weed, stimulants, and opiates increase dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens
reward deficiency syndrome
when addicts have fewer dopamine receptors and cannot obtain as much ‘reward’ in everyday life
environmental risk factors: substance use related disorder
stress, cognitive distortions, positive expectancies, learning, high impulsivity, psychopathy, parents w substance use disorders, cultural factors
causes of substance use related disorders
diathesis-stress, distal factors (genetics, culture, etc), proximal factors (stress, peer pressure)
assessments of substance use disorder
screening interviews, MMPI, lab testing
biological treatments of substance related disorder
- agonists (for nicotine and others, uses cross-tolerance),
- antagonists (reduce pleasurable effects of drug),
- partial agonists (sometimes one or the other- depending on levels of neurotransmitters)
- aversives
- anti anxiety meds and antidepressants
psych treatments for substance disorders
- inpatient or residential detox treatments and rehab
- brief interventions
- CBT: self-monitoring, cue exposure therapy, contingency management, community reinforcement
- family/marital therapy
- group therapy, self-help groups
the big five: OCEAN
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
odd/eccentric PDs
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
dramatic/erratic/emotional PDs
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
anxious/fearful PDs
avoidant, dependent, OC
Paranoid PD
- general distrust of others
- assumes maliciousness
- constantly suspicious
schizoid PD
- extreme social detachment/isolation
- little expressed emotion
- doesn’t desire or enjoy close relationships
- marked indifference
schizotypal PD
- eccentric
- delusional
- extreme social anxiety and paranoia
- lacks close relationships
antisocial PD
- extreme disregard for others
- deceitful and impulsive
- irritable and often aggressive
- lack of remorse
borderline PD
- impulsive and unstable
- suicide attempts or ideation
- fear of abandonment
- unstable sense of self
- self harm
histrionic PD
- excessive emotionality and attention seeking
- inappropriate provocative behavior
- impressionistic speech
- theatrical and suggestible
- uses physical appearance to draw attention
narcissistic PD
- self-importance
- requires admiration
- entitled
- lacks empathy
- arrogant
avoidant PD
- feelings of inadequacy, anxiety, social hypersensitivity
- social inhibition
- fear of being disliked
- restraint with intimacy
dependent PD
- difficulty making decisions
- need to be cared for
- fear of separation
- difficulty disagreeing
OC PD
- preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism
- those with the PD do not generally have obsessions or compulsions, unlike ODC
- rigid, stubborn, ‘control freak’
- perfectionism interferes with task completion
causes for odd/eccentric PDs (paranoid, schizo, schizotypal)
- limited genetic role
- parental maltreatment and neglect
- diathesis stress
causes for dramatic PDs (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic)
- moderate genetic basis
- instability
- childhood maltreatment
causes for anxious/fearful PDs (avoidant, OC, dependent)
- lower/mid genetic basis
- emotional dysregulation
- diathesis stress
assessment of PDs
- self report questionnaires
- interviews
- informant reports
treatments of PDs
- antidepressants, antipsychotics, antianxieties
- psychodynamic
- CBT
- DBT (lots of training, whether it be interpersonal, emotional, mindfulness skills)
female orgasmic disorder
delay or absence of orgasm
delayed ejaculation
in males, delay or absence of orgasm
spectator role
when someone experiences the need to evaluate their performance during sex instead of being present
psych treatments for sexual dysfunctions
stop-start procedure, senate focus (for lost desire- forcing abstinence then rekindling), masturbation training
paraphilias
preferential, intense sexual interests, may be odd but not a disorder
paraphilic disorders
disorders arisen from highly unusual sexual desires or fantasies
exhibitionistic disorder
exposing genitals
frotteuristic disorder
physical contact usually in public with non-consenting, typically unexpecting victim
‘transvestic’ disorder
cross dressing for arousal
causes of paraphilic disorders
some genetics, tumultuous family, learning experience,
psych treatments of paraphilic disorders
aversion treatment, covert sensitization (having someone imagine gross scenes punishing inappropriate arousal), orgasmic reconditioning
