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Counseling Theory > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Albert Ellis

A

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

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2
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

REBT, absolute must and shoulds, awfulising, I-can’t-stand-it-itis, demands, people-rating

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3
Q

ABCDEs

A

REBT, Activating event, Beliefs, Consequential feelings, Disputation, Effective responses

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4
Q

We are fallible human beings

A

REBT view of human nature

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5
Q

We have potential for rational or irrational behavior

A

REBT view of human nature

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6
Q

Cognitions, not events, are the most important determinant of human emotion.

A

REBT view of human nature

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7
Q

Socratic Dialogue Method

A

REBT Technique

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8
Q

Identify cognitive distortions and accompanying irrational beliefs

A

REBT TEchnique

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9
Q

Three core irrational beliefs

A

I must be approved of and liked by everyone. You should always treat me well and act the way I think you should. Life should always be fair and just.

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10
Q

REBT View of Human Nature

A

Non-deterministic, humans are fallible, thinking/feeling/behavior all interact,

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11
Q

Types of disputation in REBT

A

cognitive disputation, behavioral disputation, emotive disputation

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12
Q

Steps of Therapy in REBT

A
  1. Assessing situation and hypothesizing about ABCs.
  2. Teaching the REBT philosophy.
  3. Demonstrating how client’s situation fits the REBT model.
  4. Directing the change process and reinforcing change.
  5. Terminating the relationship.
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13
Q

Efficacy of REBT

A

Found more effective that psycho-analytic approaches.
Effective across a wide range of disorders and cultural groups.
Not for severe disorders or long-term treatment.

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14
Q

CBT View of human nature

A

empirical, educational, anti-deterministic

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15
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

CBT. The idea that some core beliefs are dormant until stress causes them to pop up.

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16
Q

Automatic thoughts

A

CBT, ongoing stream of thoughts and images we have during the day.

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17
Q

Intermediate Beliefs

A

CBT. Core beliefs create intermediate beliefs. Attitudes, rules, expectations, and assumptions.

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18
Q

Core Beliefs

A

CBT. Most people are not aware of them. Lend direction to how we feel and behave. Can be positive or negative.

Core beliefs -> intermediate beliefs -> Automatic thoughts

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19
Q

Most common negative core beliefs

A

CBT. helplessness, being unlovable, being worthless.

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20
Q

Continuity Hypothesis

A

CBT. Emotional responses adapted thousands of years ago continue into modern world and are dysfunctional now.

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21
Q

Compensatory Beliefs

A

CBT. Coping strategies. Developed to avoid knowledge and experience of negative core beliefs.

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22
Q

What should be elicited to understand core beliefs?

A

Information.

Info about:
Childhood, How we think act and feel

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23
Q

What theory is reality therapy based on?

A

Choice Theory

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24
Q

Principles of Choice Theory

A 
Ten Axioms
Needs and wants
Internal Control
The Quality World
Total Behavior
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25
Q

Reality Therapy view of human nature

A 
5 genetically based needs (survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, fun.)
Need-strength profile
Quality world
We choose the best way we can to meet our N-S profile
Language reflects how we make choices
Internal control language is desirable
Anti-deterministic
here and now focus
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26
Q

Four elements of Total Behavior

A 
RT.
acting
thinking
feeling
physiology
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27
Q

Quality World

A

RT.

Pictures of the people, things, and beliefs most important in meeting our need-strength profile.

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28
Q

Choices

A

RT.
Every behavior is chosen.
Teach clients about their choices.
Promote internal control language.

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29
Q

WDEP

A 
RT.
Wubholding's
W: Wants
D: Direction or Doing
E: Evaluation
P: Plan
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30
Q

WDEP

A 
RT.
Wubholding's
W: Wants
D: Direction or Doing
E: Evaluation
P: Plan
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31
Q

RT Techniques

A

Tonics of the helping relationship

Seven caring habits/Seven Deadly Habits

32
Q

Seven Caring Habits

A

Supporting, Encouraging, Listening, Accepting, Trusting, Respecting, Negotiating Differences

33
Q

SAMICCC

A 
RT - Is the plan workable?
Simple
Attainable
Measurable
Immediate
Involved
Controlled
Consistent
Committed
34
Q

What is the counselor doing if they tell the client to act more depressed?

A

RT -

35
Q

Social Constructionism

A

Narrative therapy - human nature is constructed by societal influences

36
Q

Re-authoring

A

narrative therapy - the process of re-writing one’s story or drawing out/writing new stories

37
Q

Deconstruction

A

Narrative therapy - the process of taking apart a dominant story

38
Q

Thick and thin descriptions

A

Narrative Therapy - thin descriptions usually come from harmful stories. Thick descriptions reflect how our life is complex

39
Q

Dominant narratives

A

Narrative Therapy - dominant stories saturate our lives and usually come from the social mileu

40
Q

Externalizing the problem

A

Narrative Therapy - example “nervous tummy” is an externalization of anxiety. Separate the problem from the person.

41
Q

Narrative Therapy view of human nature

A 
There are many views of human nature, not one reality.
Post-modern
social constructionism
anti-deterministic
future focused not past focused
42
Q

Structuralism

A

We can understand something by breaking it down into parts (for example id, super ego, ego, etc)

43
Q

Double Listening

A

Narrative Therapy - Listen to what is being said while also reading between the lines for implied stories

44
Q

Techniques of Narrative Therapy

A 
Showing mystery, respectful curiousity, awe
Use of questions
Collaboration and reflexivity
Reflection, empathy, verbatim responses
Externalizing the problem
Mapping effects
Unique Outcomes or Exceptions
Absent but implicit responses (double listening)
Scaffolding
Re-membering
Definitional ceremonies
Reflective teams
Telling and Retelling
45
Q

Neutrality in Narrative Therapy

A

Accept that the therapist is not neutral.
Pretending to be neutral perpetuates bias.
Therapist must consider bias

46
Q

Research on Narrative Therapy

A

There isn’t very much.

Quantitative research doesn’t work well with NT

47
Q

Evaluative Questions

A

SFBT - questions about the impact a behavior had on a client’s life

48
Q

Main focus of Solution Focused therapy

A

Solutions and client strengths

49
Q

Who is the expert in SF therapy?

A

The client is the expert

50
Q

Exceptions (SFBT)

A

Times the client overcame their problem or didn’t feel problematically. (Was there a time you didn’t feel anxious about driving? What was different?)

51
Q

Types of clients (SFBT)

A

Customers
Complainants
Visitors

52
Q

SFBT View of Human Nature

A

Pragmatic, anti-deterministic, future oriented, optimistic.
Change can happen quickly.
Non-pathological

53
Q

Not Knowing Posture

A

The client is the expert. The therapist is not the expert.

54
Q

Stages of SFBT

A 
0 - Pre-session change
1 - Forming a collaborative relationship
2 - Describing the problem
3 - Establishing goals
4 - Problem to solution focus
5 - Reaching goals
6 - Ending therapy
55
Q

Role of Client Strengths in SFBT

A

Focusing on strengths helps clients feel like their life is not full of problems and struggle.

56
Q

Stages of SFBT

A 
0 - Pre-session change
1 - Forming a collaborative relationship
2 - Describing the problem
3 - Establishing goals
4 - Problem to solution focus
5 - Reaching goals
6 - Ending therapy
57
Q

RCT

A

Relational Cultural Therapy

58
Q

RCT View of Human Nature

A

Social Constructionist - one’s understanding of the world is shaped by the social context one lives in.
Humanistic - lived experiences are unique to the individual. Counselor does not judge the validity of one’s lived experience.
Collectivist - Values the connections between people
Relational - Sense of self is developed and impacted by relationships with others
Developmental - Development happens throughout life
Anti-deterministic
Feminist

59
Q

Important names to the development of RCT

A

Jean Baker Miller
Irene Stiver
Jan Surry
Judith Jordan

60
Q

The relational self

A

How individuals come to understand who they are

The broader community of people is critical to the development of

61
Q

Binary gender roles

A

Developed by socialization

62
Q

8 major principles of RCT

A
  1. Real engagement and therapeutic authenticity are necessary for the development of mutual empathy
  2. People grow through and toward relationship throughout the lifespan
  3. Movement toward mutuality, rather than movement toward separation, characterizes mature functioning
  4. Relational differentiation and elaboration characterize growth
  5. Mutual empathy and mutual empowerment are at the core of growth-fostering relationships
  6. In growth-fostering relationships, all people contribute and grow or benefit; development is not a way one-way street
  7. Therapy relationships are characterized by a special kind of mutuality
  8. Mutual empathy is a vehicle for change in therapy
63
Q

Mutuality

A

Two-way growth fostering process

Mutuality, empathy, connection with therapist encourages client to be open to change

64
Q

Mutual empathy

A

In the beginning the counselor is more empathetic. Over time empathy becomes more mutual.

65
Q

Relational Differentiation

A

Differentiation of identity - being authentically oneself
Differentiation shouldn’t lead to disconnection
Differentiation and connection are both necessary for growth/healthy relationships

66
Q

Relational images

A

formed by early relationships and can have a negative or positive impact on growth

67
Q

Power dynamics

A

Power exists and shouldn’t be denied

In the beginning the counselor naturally has more power but the goal is to equalize the power balance

68
Q

Cultural-relational paradox

A

lack of power, privilege, and access is expressed by chronic loss, isolation, and a sense of disconnection from some social networks and institutions

69
Q

Disconnection

A

Disconnection is pathology

People use social disconnection to avoid hurt or pain

70
Q

Major Techniques of RCT

A

Respecting the Client,
Showing Curiosity and Wonder,
Being Non Pathologizing, and
Demystifying the Counseling Relationship
Demonstrating Acceptance, Authenticity, and Empathy
Encouraging Discussion About Oppression and Marginalization
Encouraging: (A) Empowerment, (B) High Self-Esteem, (C) Assertiveness, and (D) Emotional Identification and Expression
Encouraging Empowerment
Encouraging High Self-Esteem
Encouraging Assertiveness
Encouraging Emotional Identification and Expression
Asking Questions About the Client’s Life

71
Q

Use of questions in RCT

A

Questions about client’s life helps them to reflect on how family, cultural, and societal messages about gender roles have impacted their lives

72
Q

Guidelines for the therapeutic process in RCT

A
  1. Recognize the harmful effects of a patriarchal culture
  2. Explore inherent contradictions in prescribed gender roles
  3. Support clients in the exploration of their inner resources
  4. Integrate Other Therapeutic Modalities into the RCT Approach
  5. De-mystify the power relationship inherent in any therapeutic relationship
  6. Match women clients with women therapists
  7. Conduct on-going evaluations of practice
  8. Therapy is not a cure-all
73
Q

Intersectionality

A

Each person has multiple identities that intersect

A black woman’s experience is not the same as either a white woman’s or a black man’s

74
Q

Who does RCT work for?

A

Not limited to women
Individuals experiencing oppression
In addition to being helpful with women, it has been shown to be specifically useful with:
youth of color
incarcerated adolescents
mentoring of individuals
relationships between adults and children
couples coping with cancer
individuals with self-injurious behaviors
reducing bulimia and depressive symptoms
relationships between Israeli and Palestinian youth
diverse clients

75
Q

Efficacy of RCT

A

40 articles outlining effectiveness

Instruments available to measure connectedness with others which is a key theme of RCT

Counseling Theory (2 decks)

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