Midterm Flashcards
Albert Ellis
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Distortions
REBT, absolute must and shoulds, awfulising, I-can’t-stand-it-itis, demands, people-rating
ABCDEs
REBT, Activating event, Beliefs, Consequential feelings, Disputation, Effective responses
We are fallible human beings
REBT view of human nature
We have potential for rational or irrational behavior
REBT view of human nature
Cognitions, not events, are the most important determinant of human emotion.
REBT view of human nature
Socratic Dialogue Method
REBT Technique
Identify cognitive distortions and accompanying irrational beliefs
REBT TEchnique
Three core irrational beliefs
I must be approved of and liked by everyone. You should always treat me well and act the way I think you should. Life should always be fair and just.
REBT View of Human Nature
Non-deterministic, humans are fallible, thinking/feeling/behavior all interact,
Types of disputation in REBT
cognitive disputation, behavioral disputation, emotive disputation
Steps of Therapy in REBT
- Assessing situation and hypothesizing about ABCs.
- Teaching the REBT philosophy.
- Demonstrating how client’s situation fits the REBT model.
- Directing the change process and reinforcing change.
- Terminating the relationship.
Efficacy of REBT
Found more effective that psycho-analytic approaches.
Effective across a wide range of disorders and cultural groups.
Not for severe disorders or long-term treatment.
CBT View of human nature
empirical, educational, anti-deterministic
Diathesis stress model
CBT. The idea that some core beliefs are dormant until stress causes them to pop up.
Automatic thoughts
CBT, ongoing stream of thoughts and images we have during the day.
Intermediate Beliefs
CBT. Core beliefs create intermediate beliefs. Attitudes, rules, expectations, and assumptions.
Core Beliefs
CBT. Most people are not aware of them. Lend direction to how we feel and behave. Can be positive or negative.
Core beliefs -> intermediate beliefs -> Automatic thoughts
Most common negative core beliefs
CBT. helplessness, being unlovable, being worthless.
Continuity Hypothesis
CBT. Emotional responses adapted thousands of years ago continue into modern world and are dysfunctional now.
Compensatory Beliefs
CBT. Coping strategies. Developed to avoid knowledge and experience of negative core beliefs.
What should be elicited to understand core beliefs?
Information.
Info about:
Childhood, How we think act and feel
What theory is reality therapy based on?
Choice Theory
Principles of Choice Theory
Ten Axioms Needs and wants Internal Control The Quality World Total Behavior
Reality Therapy view of human nature
5 genetically based needs (survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, fun.) Need-strength profile Quality world We choose the best way we can to meet our N-S profile Language reflects how we make choices Internal control language is desirable Anti-deterministic here and now focus
Four elements of Total Behavior
RT. acting thinking feeling physiology
Quality World
RT.
Pictures of the people, things, and beliefs most important in meeting our need-strength profile.
Choices
RT.
Every behavior is chosen.
Teach clients about their choices.
Promote internal control language.
WDEP
RT. Wubholding's W: Wants D: Direction or Doing E: Evaluation P: Plan
WDEP
RT. Wubholding's W: Wants D: Direction or Doing E: Evaluation P: Plan
RT Techniques
Tonics of the helping relationship
Seven caring habits/Seven Deadly Habits
Seven Caring Habits
Supporting, Encouraging, Listening, Accepting, Trusting, Respecting, Negotiating Differences
SAMICCC
RT - Is the plan workable? Simple Attainable Measurable Immediate Involved Controlled Consistent Committed
What is the counselor doing if they tell the client to act more depressed?
RT -
Social Constructionism
Narrative therapy - human nature is constructed by societal influences
Re-authoring
narrative therapy - the process of re-writing one’s story or drawing out/writing new stories
Deconstruction
Narrative therapy - the process of taking apart a dominant story
Thick and thin descriptions
Narrative Therapy - thin descriptions usually come from harmful stories. Thick descriptions reflect how our life is complex
Dominant narratives
Narrative Therapy - dominant stories saturate our lives and usually come from the social mileu
Externalizing the problem
Narrative Therapy - example “nervous tummy” is an externalization of anxiety. Separate the problem from the person.
Narrative Therapy view of human nature
There are many views of human nature, not one reality. Post-modern social constructionism anti-deterministic future focused not past focused
Structuralism
We can understand something by breaking it down into parts (for example id, super ego, ego, etc)
Double Listening
Narrative Therapy - Listen to what is being said while also reading between the lines for implied stories
Techniques of Narrative Therapy
Showing mystery, respectful curiousity, awe Use of questions Collaboration and reflexivity Reflection, empathy, verbatim responses Externalizing the problem Mapping effects Unique Outcomes or Exceptions Absent but implicit responses (double listening) Scaffolding Re-membering Definitional ceremonies Reflective teams Telling and Retelling
Neutrality in Narrative Therapy
Accept that the therapist is not neutral.
Pretending to be neutral perpetuates bias.
Therapist must consider bias
Research on Narrative Therapy
There isn’t very much.
Quantitative research doesn’t work well with NT
Evaluative Questions
SFBT - questions about the impact a behavior had on a client’s life
Main focus of Solution Focused therapy
Solutions and client strengths
Who is the expert in SF therapy?
The client is the expert
Exceptions (SFBT)
Times the client overcame their problem or didn’t feel problematically. (Was there a time you didn’t feel anxious about driving? What was different?)
Types of clients (SFBT)
Customers
Complainants
Visitors
SFBT View of Human Nature
Pragmatic, anti-deterministic, future oriented, optimistic.
Change can happen quickly.
Non-pathological
Not Knowing Posture
The client is the expert. The therapist is not the expert.
Stages of SFBT
0 - Pre-session change 1 - Forming a collaborative relationship 2 - Describing the problem 3 - Establishing goals 4 - Problem to solution focus 5 - Reaching goals 6 - Ending therapy
Role of Client Strengths in SFBT
Focusing on strengths helps clients feel like their life is not full of problems and struggle.
Stages of SFBT
0 - Pre-session change 1 - Forming a collaborative relationship 2 - Describing the problem 3 - Establishing goals 4 - Problem to solution focus 5 - Reaching goals 6 - Ending therapy
RCT
Relational Cultural Therapy
RCT View of Human Nature
Social Constructionist - one’s understanding of the world is shaped by the social context one lives in.
Humanistic - lived experiences are unique to the individual. Counselor does not judge the validity of one’s lived experience.
Collectivist - Values the connections between people
Relational - Sense of self is developed and impacted by relationships with others
Developmental - Development happens throughout life
Anti-deterministic
Feminist
Important names to the development of RCT
Jean Baker Miller
Irene Stiver
Jan Surry
Judith Jordan
The relational self
How individuals come to understand who they are
The broader community of people is critical to the development of
Binary gender roles
Developed by socialization
8 major principles of RCT
- Real engagement and therapeutic authenticity are necessary for the development of mutual empathy
- People grow through and toward relationship throughout the lifespan
- Movement toward mutuality, rather than movement toward separation, characterizes mature functioning
- Relational differentiation and elaboration characterize growth
- Mutual empathy and mutual empowerment are at the core of growth-fostering relationships
- In growth-fostering relationships, all people contribute and grow or benefit; development is not a way one-way street
- Therapy relationships are characterized by a special kind of mutuality
- Mutual empathy is a vehicle for change in therapy
Mutuality
Two-way growth fostering process
Mutuality, empathy, connection with therapist encourages client to be open to change
Mutual empathy
In the beginning the counselor is more empathetic. Over time empathy becomes more mutual.
Relational Differentiation
Differentiation of identity - being authentically oneself
Differentiation shouldn’t lead to disconnection
Differentiation and connection are both necessary for growth/healthy relationships
Relational images
formed by early relationships and can have a negative or positive impact on growth
Power dynamics
Power exists and shouldn’t be denied
In the beginning the counselor naturally has more power but the goal is to equalize the power balance
Cultural-relational paradox
lack of power, privilege, and access is expressed by chronic loss, isolation, and a sense of disconnection from some social networks and institutions
Disconnection
Disconnection is pathology
People use social disconnection to avoid hurt or pain
Major Techniques of RCT
Respecting the Client,
Showing Curiosity and Wonder,
Being Non Pathologizing, and
Demystifying the Counseling Relationship
Demonstrating Acceptance, Authenticity, and Empathy
Encouraging Discussion About Oppression and Marginalization
Encouraging: (A) Empowerment, (B) High Self-Esteem, (C) Assertiveness, and (D) Emotional Identification and Expression
Encouraging Empowerment
Encouraging High Self-Esteem
Encouraging Assertiveness
Encouraging Emotional Identification and Expression
Asking Questions About the Client’s Life
Use of questions in RCT
Questions about client’s life helps them to reflect on how family, cultural, and societal messages about gender roles have impacted their lives
Guidelines for the therapeutic process in RCT
- Recognize the harmful effects of a patriarchal culture
- Explore inherent contradictions in prescribed gender roles
- Support clients in the exploration of their inner resources
- Integrate Other Therapeutic Modalities into the RCT Approach
- De-mystify the power relationship inherent in any therapeutic relationship
- Match women clients with women therapists
- Conduct on-going evaluations of practice
- Therapy is not a cure-all
Intersectionality
Each person has multiple identities that intersect
A black woman’s experience is not the same as either a white woman’s or a black man’s
Who does RCT work for?
Not limited to women
Individuals experiencing oppression
In addition to being helpful with women, it has been shown to be specifically useful with:
youth of color
incarcerated adolescents
mentoring of individuals
relationships between adults and children
couples coping with cancer
individuals with self-injurious behaviors
reducing bulimia and depressive symptoms
relationships between Israeli and Palestinian youth
diverse clients
Efficacy of RCT
40 articles outlining effectiveness
Instruments available to measure connectedness with others which is a key theme of RCT
