Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

soc 1 > midterm 1 (week 1-5) > Flashcards

midterm 1 (week 1-5) Flashcards

1
Q

sociological imagination

A

thinking about and seeing the context that shapes your individual experience in relation to social environment and forces influencing us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

how did the industrial revolution and growth of cities influence the development of sociology?

A
  • technological improvements
  • huge economic changes
  • mass production of goods
  • purchased things and relied on others to provide goods
  • people moved
  • cities grew
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

division of labor

A

specialization, trading of surplus, depending on each other while having more to trade as a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

karl marx

A
  • founder of socialism or communism
  • witnessed industrial revolution and its sociological changes
  • all societies are based on social conflict
  • economic perspective -> conflict over possession and trading of goods and resources
  • workers own their labor and capitalists exploit them with low wages for personal gain and make them compete
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

social conflict

A

groups with different interests and needs struggle and clash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

relational sociology

A

individuals are defined by relationships with others and social institutions like the economy rather than their actual characteristics and properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

alienation

A

core problem with capitalism includes workers being disconnected from others (capitalist competition), from work, and from their sense of humanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Émile Durkheim

A
  • sociology as a science
  • emergence of capitalism and its structural properties that explain social life
  • studied society as a whole, emphasizing how people in a society were connected; solidarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

structure

A

forces are influencing individual behavior and behavior creates those forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

solidarity

A

the patterns of the connections between people in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mechanical solidarity

A
  • older, simpler societies
  • intricate connection
  • cohesive working unit
  • people feel essential and purposeful
  • fragile, can easily fall apart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

organic solidarity

A
  • more complex society
  • more distant connection but more intense reliance on each other
  • ex: US
  • resilient, less reliant on others
  • sense of uselessness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

integration

A

how tied you are to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regulation

A

all groups have rules and norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

anomie

A

too little regulation -> unclear moral standards or social expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Max Weber

A
  • social structures; exterior forces strongly influence us
  • methodological individualism
  • sociology as a science looking at social action
  • sociologists understand interpretively; must understand subjective meaning of actions
  • subjective meanings behind emergence of capitalism
  • cultural approach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

methodological individualism

A

must focus on the individual to make sense of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

social action

A

behaviors that produce structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

culture

A

values held by people and used to guide social actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Jane Addams

A
  • founder of field of social work
  • activist and sociologist
  • founded Hull House- center for social reform to educate and support women and their children and to have them engage in social activism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

socially-engaged scholarship

A

people being helped were part of research practice; engaging and learning from people rather than studying them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

WEB Du Bois

A
  • african american sociology prof
  • social reformer and activist
  • a founder for the NAACP
  • studied relationship between slavery and capitalism
  • slavery was a global system that impacted all workers, white ones too; white people accepted low wages bc of the unpaid labor that was slavery. they supported the myth of racial superiority
  • psychological wages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

status

A

relative social standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

psychological wages

A
  • web dubois
  • what white workers receive in a system of white supremacy
  • white people accepted the low wages that slavery was a factor for them getting (unpaid labor) bc they supported the myth of racial superiority and they work in a racial system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

method

A

a study design that allows us to systematically investigate the world and be relatively certain that we arrive at accurate conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency we all have to look for and accept information that reinforces what we already believe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

audit study

A

research experiment in which researchers match participants on key characteristics; isolating the variable studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

human subjects

A

research on people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nuremberg Code

A
  • result of outrage at Nazi medical experiments
  • outline basic ethical principles for research on people
    • voluntary consent
      -avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering/injury
    • degree of risk must be justified by benefit of research
    • subjects may revoke consent
    • if discovered to be a serious risk to human subjects, project must be ended
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

A
  • subjects were poor black men in rural alabama
  • never told the men they had syphilis even though penicillin was available
  • studied how symptoms of syphilis developed over time if left untreated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

informed consent

A

all human subjects must be informed about research project including risks, before agreeing to participate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

quantitative data

A

come in the form of numbers and reflect quantities or amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

qualitative data

A

are not numbers and reflect general themes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

experiment

A

a research method in which characteristics or behavior are carefully controlled, so that the impacts of one characteristic that changes are isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

surveys

A

sets of questions that subjects answer
- cheap, easy, quick
- low response rates
- wording issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

participant observation

A

researcher spends time among a group, directly observing and participating in that social world
- collect a lot of extremely detailed info about social life in a particular group
- time consuming and expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

historical analysis and content analysis

A

analyzing existing sources to find key themes
- helps us observe recurring themes
- you are stuck with the data that exists, possibly limited info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

designing a research project

A
  1. choose a research question
  2. state your hypothesis
  3. gather data
  4. analyze your data
  5. use the results of your analysis to come to conclusions about what you found
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

research questions

A
  • must have more than one possible answer or outcome
  • identify the answer that seems more accurate through the study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

unit of analysis

A

what you actually want to observe; not always people, maybe organizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

variable

A

factor or characteristic that has more than one possible value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

covariation

A

relationships between variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

independent variable

A

the cause, stands alone and is not affected by other variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement about how variables relate to one another. you must define the population you’re interested in studying and variables you think are important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

population

A

who you want to know things about

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

operationalization

A

how we convert an idea into something concrete that we can measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

sampling

A

how social scientists select representatives of their population; in both quantitative and qualitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

ethnography

A

in depth qualitative study of a social group and the group’s culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

sampling frame

A

how you determine who will be contacted to be part of your sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

random sample

A

each member of population must:
- must be known
- must have some chance of being selected
to get a sample that is truly representative of the larger population so that you can generalize your conclusions to a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

non random sample

A

some members of the population don’t have any chance of being selected; more common in qualitative work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

nonresponse bias

A

if people do not respond to your attempt to include them in your research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

correlation

A

two variables are related in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

causation

A

evidence that the independent variables caused the change in the dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

direction of the relationship

A

which variable affects the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

causal relationship

A

one where causation exists; can be proven through research design, by using experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

spurious relationship

A

when it looks like there is a connection between two variables, but in reality some other variable we have not considered is affecting both our independent and dependent variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

validity

A

make sure you are measuring what you mean to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

social desirability bias

A

tendency for subjects to give answers that they think are socially acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

reliability of our observations

A

the consistency of the measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

social structure

A

the boundaries people confront as they make decisions about their individual and collective actions
- rules and resources that guide our behavior
- limits choices people can make but also enables some to have choices that others may not have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

resources

A

things we may have or that we acquire, which are valuable and allow us to accomplish goals
ex: money, education, status, race, gender, religion, nationality, ability, age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

social statuses

A

a person or group’s socially determined positions within a larger group or society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

achieved status

A

results at least in part from your efforts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

ascribed status

A

assigned to you by society without regard for your unique talents, efforts, or characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

social hierarchies

A

ascribed statuses place people in these ranking systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

life chances

A

opportunities to provide yourself with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

social role

A

a set of expectations about the behavior and attitudes of people who occupy a particular social status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

role conflict

A

inconsistency between two or more of the roles we fill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

social group

A

consists of two or more people with similar values and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

norms

A

the rules and expectations by which a group guides the behavior of its members; influences our social interactions based on the group’s norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

social network

A

a series of social relationships that links a person directly to other individuals and indirectly to even more people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

social institutions

A

enduring practices and rules (both formal and informal) that organize a central domain of social life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

agency

A

our ability to act given the structural rules and resources that impact our behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

socialization

A

the experiences that give us an identity and teach us the values, morals, beliefs, and ways of acting and thinking that are expected in our society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

generalized other

A

values and norms of the larger culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

looking-glass self

A

the way our perception of how others see us affects our sense of self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

agents of socialization

A

the individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions that influence your sense of self and help you learn how to be a member of society

78
Q

resocialization

A

when social expectations shift and we encounter a new set of group rules that guide our behavior, this is the process of adopting new social norms and identities

79
Q

total institutions

A

where groups of people are largely cut off from the wider society and their lives are largely controlled by the institution

80
Q

micro-sociology

A

focuses on individual identities and small scale interactions with others

81
Q

macro sociology

A

takes aim at large scale societal structures, including groups and institutions as well as social forces such as norms

82
Q

symbolic interaction

A

studies human interaction by focusing on the words and gestures that people use and the meanings they create about the world

83
Q

structure of opportunity

A

the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities across society, which shapes the choices individuals make

84
Q

reflexivity

A

the process of evaluating our position in the social world, the rules we are expected to follow, and the resources we have or can acquire

85
Q

stratification

A

a system that puts categories of people into a hierarchy
- common foundations for stratification include religion, gender, wealth, and race

86
Q

social class

A

a group of individuals who share a similar economic position based on income, wealth, education, and occupation

87
Q

income

A

the total amount of money someone earns each year
- social class is mostly defined by income

88
Q

wealth

A

the total amount of money that a person has or could have if they sold off all their assets

89
Q

Dennis Gilbert’s model of class structure

A
  • relies primarily on income, occupation, and education
    1. privileged classes
    a. capitalist class
    b. upper-middle class
    i. working rich
    2. majority classes
    a. middle class
    b. working class
    3. lower classes
    a. working poor
    4. underclass
90
Q

capitalist class

A
  • makes money from the things they own: businesses, real estate, stocks, bonds
  • may work but do not gain tremendous wealth from their annual salary
  • their wealth brings them a continual stream of lucrative profits
91
Q

upper middle class

A
  • well educated people relying on high incomes from jobs
  • business managers, doctors, lawyers, accountants, business owners
92
Q

working rich

A
  • subcategory at the top of the upper middle class
  • working rich rely on their salaries to maintain their class position
  • 6 figures
93
Q

middle class

A
  • likely have a high school diploma and some college experience
  • teachers, nurses, master craftspeople, lower level managers
94
Q

working class

A
  • completed high school or a trade school
  • office support, retail sales workers, low paid craftspeople
95
Q

working poor

A
  • employed in insecure and low wage jobs, ex: service industries
  • not many benefits, so more likely to face financial insecurity and instability
  • unpredictable and inflexible work schedules
96
Q

underclass

A
  • part time workers, unemployed, inconsistent and unreliable work opportunities
  • rely on public assistance benefits
97
Q

social mobility

A

moving from an ascribed social class position to a new achieved social position

98
Q

upward mobility

A

when someone moves from a lower social class position to a higher one

99
Q

downward mobility

A

dropping into a lower social class

100
Q

cumulative advantages

A

built up benefits and resources

101
Q

racial wealth gap

A

the difference in accumulated wealth between different races and ethnicities

102
Q

meritocracy

A

a system where personal responsibility and individual effort are the sole determinants of success

103
Q

GINI index

A

used to compare inequality, looking at how family income is distributed by country
- total equality would be 0, if everyone had same income
- total inequality would be 1, if one person had all of the country’s income

104
Q

absolute poverty

A

people without the basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, and clothing

105
Q

poverty threshold/poverty line

A

the US census bureau uses poverty thresholds to estimate the number of americans in poverty each year. this is the minimum income level that the federal govt says is required to buy the basic necessities of life

106
Q

relative poverty

A

this measure takes into account the relative economic status of people in a society by looking at how income is distributed

107
Q

factors and characteristics for being poor in the US

A

household type, education, paid work, disability status, race, region, high-poverty neighborhoods, child poverty

108
Q

working poor

A

people who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force but whose incomes still fell below the official poverty level

109
Q

homeless

A

if someone lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence

110
Q

point in time count

A

establishes the homeless population in the US

111
Q

sheltered homeless

A

people staying in emergency shelters, transitional housing programs, or safe havens

112
Q

unsheltered homelessness

A

their primary nighttime residence is a public or private place not designated for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping space, such as the streets vehicles, or parks

113
Q

chronic homelessness

A

someone (often with a disability) who has either been continuously homeless for a year or more or has experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years where the combined length of the homelessness episodes is at least 12 months

114
Q

culture

A

everything we make and consume

115
Q

material culture

A

physical goods, often placed in an economic system

116
Q

symbolic culture

A

beliefs, values, language

117
Q

collective representation

A

a set of images and words that can represent a particular culture

118
Q

high culture

A

cultural goods made for and enjoyed by elite groups

119
Q

popular culture

A

heavily produced and commercialized goods made for and consumed by a large audience

120
Q

values

A

moral beliefs

121
Q

norms

A

rules and expectations by which a group guides the behavior of its members

122
Q

code switching

A

adopting a set of informal rules and manners that are appropriate in a specific setting

123
Q

cultural toolkit

A

sets of beliefs, values, and attitudes, that we learn to use in different situations

124
Q

culture industries

A

the vast system of people and organizations that is required for the mass production of cultural goods

125
Q

corporate consolidation

A

the acquisition of smaller corporations by larger ones

126
Q

diversity capital

A

the practice of corporations supporting cultural institutions in order to improve their reputations and imply they value racial diversity

127
Q

branding indigeneity

A

corporations doing things like investing in the national museum of the american indian in order to appear to support indigenous peoples

128
Q

conspicuous consumption

A

gaining prestige by exhibiting valuable cultural goods, which implies to others that you are wealthy

129
Q

subculture

A

a group that holds values and engages in activities that separate members from the wider society

130
Q

cultural capital

A

non economic resources (knowledge, skills, behaviors) that are useful in a particular sphere of social life

131
Q

fields

A

context/social sphere where a kind of cultural capital is exchanged, like a profession, a community, or class of people

132
Q

habitus

A

our learned dispositions, a set of tendencies organizing how we see the world and act within it

133
Q

status

A

the social designation of honor

134
Q

status group

A

a collection of people who share similar characteristics that a community has given a certain level of prestige

135
Q

symbolic boundaries

A

the way people separate each other into groups; traditions, styles, tastes, classifications

136
Q

boundary work

A

creating and maintaining symbolic boundaries to limit group membership and access to resources

137
Q

cultural omnivores

A

people who differentiate themselves by knowing a lot about many cultural spheres

138
Q

globalization

A

when intercultural communication and the exchange of ideas and values reaches such an international scale, integrating political and economic systems

139
Q

rationalization

A

increased efficiency, predictability, and control

140
Q

cultural imperialism

A

imposition of a dominant group’s material and symbolic goods

141
Q

cultural appropriation

A

when members of a dominant culture adopt the cultural goods (symbols, skills, expressions, intellectual property) of other groups for profit

142
Q

culture jamming

A

the practice of raising awareness around issues of mcdonaldization, corporate consolidation, and cultural imperialism through informal and often illegal guerilla marketing campaigns

143
Q

global commodity chain

A

the international production, distribution, and marketing system of corporations, laborers, and consumers

144
Q

deviance

A

behavior that violates social norms

145
Q

folkways

A

the least serious norms; customs traditions, and etiquette. not severe punishments for violating them

146
Q

mores

A

more seriously protected norms that reflect a deeper sense of morals and values; social sanctions for violating them are often much stronger

147
Q

laws

A

represent the most highly codified level of norm

148
Q

social control

A

the way societies try to influence members’ behavior to maintain social order

149
Q

moral panics

A

over heated, short lived periods of intense social concern over an issue

150
Q

moral entrepreneurs

A

push for increased awareness of a concern over an issue during a moral panic

151
Q

stigma

A

occurs when some characteristic of an individual or group is seen as inferior or undesirable and leads to social rejection

152
Q

labeling theory

A

deviance is not about the act itself, but is negotiated socially through reactions to the act

153
Q

functionalist theories of deviance

A

begin with the idea that deviance serves a social purpose, a function

154
Q

social cohesion

A

the degree to which we identify with and maintain social rules and connections

155
Q

normative

A

accepted and expected

156
Q

anomie

A

a situation in which we do not have clear morals or social expectations to guide our behavior

157
Q

strain theory

A

stress results from anomie, the mismatch of goals and means, which may lead some to adapt by engaging in deviant behavior → strain

158
Q

Merton’s 5 modes of adaptation

A
  • conformity
  • innovation
  • ritualism
  • retreatism
  • rebellion
159
Q

conformity (Merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

when individuals accept both the socially approved goals and have the means to achieve them, so they can follow norms

160
Q

innovation (Merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

someone shares socially approved values and goals but rejects the means to achieve them

161
Q

ritualism (Merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

people follow socially approved means to success, but reject the goals

162
Q

retreatism (Merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

rejects both the socially prescribed goals and the normative means to achieve those goals

163
Q

rebellion (Merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

rejecting both social goals and means but trying to disrupt the system instead of retreating

164
Q

opportunity theory

A

some people (ex those living in poverty in highly populated cities) may be more likely than others to be exposed to deviant subcultures

165
Q

illegitimate opportunity

A

provided by the deviant subculture’s proximity and norms of delinquency in order to take on the role of deviant

166
Q

conflict theories of deviance

A

ask how rules and norms are shaped by power relations in a society

167
Q

worldview

A

set of shared values, beliefs, and understandings about how the world should be

168
Q

ideology

A

set of beliefs, values, and assumptions we use to understand the world, about what constitutes deviance and what doesn’t

169
Q

hegemony

A

a particular type of domination in which the powerful get the consent or support of everyone else

170
Q

edwin sutherland’s theory of differential association

A

suggests that deviance is a learned behavior, just like any other. learned from social networks

171
Q

control theory

A

focuses on how ties to mainstream social groups and societal institutions make us less likely to become deviant

172
Q

criminology

A

the study of crime and criminal behavior; from this perspective, crime exists because criminals have something wrong with them

173
Q

crime

A

an act that violates the penal code

174
Q

penal code

A

the written laws that govern behavior in a particular jurisdiction

175
Q

violent crime

A

murder, robbery, assault, sexual assault, rape

176
Q

property crime

A

theft that is not carried out through force; motor vehicle theft, burglary of a home

177
Q

street crime

A

violent crimes and property crimes that are more common in public spaces and often involve the police

178
Q

white collar crime

A

crimes like fraud, embezzlement, and other unethical acts or business practices that are typically not carried out on the street or in public spaces and do not use physical force

179
Q

criminal

A

a person who has violated a criminal law

180
Q

social network

A

a group of people (organizations, nations, etc) that are linked to each other in a specific way

181
Q

social bonds

A

connections and attachments to people and institutions which often serve as a pathway leading us away from a life of criminal activity

182
Q

crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)

A

urban planners and architects can limit dark, isolated, or unsupervised spaces where potential criminals might seek out victims in order to reduce crime

183
Q

broken window theory

A
  • theory of policing that argues that small signs of disorder lead to outbreaks of more serious crimes
    • if police respond to very small violations of public order, they will make major crimes less likely
184
Q

homicide rate

A

the most common measure of violence in a society. measures the number of murders for every 100,000 residents

185
Q

culture of violence

A

the idea that the US has a unique heritage in which settlers had to resort to violence to protect their property and themselves, creating a longstanding norm of violent behavior

186
Q

relative deprivation

A

a feeling of falling behind while other people do better and better. Merton argued that this feeling creates strain, leading to crime

187
Q

mass incarceration

A

the expansion of imprisonment to a level that is not matched elsewhere in the world or at any previous point in US history, particularly for specific demographic groups

188
Q

“defund the police”

A

the slogan of a movement to shift resources from police budgets to other agencies that provide services, like jobs programs or mental health treatment, to residents of a city

189
Q

black lives matter

A

movement devoted to, among other things, reducing police violence against african americans

190
Q

the new jim crow

A

a book written by michelle alexander arguing that mass incarceration represents the latest in a series of institutions and policies designed to reinforce a racialized caste system in the US

191
Q

collective conscience

A

common faith or set of norms by which a society and its members abide

192
Q

social realignment

A

according to Durkheim - occurred differently depending on the type of solidarity holding a society together (mech or organic)

soc 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions