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soc 1 > final (this deck is weeks 5-10) > Flashcards

final (this deck is weeks 5-10) Flashcards

1
Q

deviance

A

behaviors that violate social norms

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2
Q

folkways

A

the least serious norms. this refers to customs, traditions, and etiquette. social sanctions for violating them are least severe

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3
Q

mores

A

more seriously protected norms that reflect a deeper sense of morals and values. sanctions for violating them are often much stronger

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4
Q

laws

A

represent the most highly codified level of norm. community agrees that violating them requires binding punishment

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5
Q

social control

A

the way societies try to influence members’ behavior to maintain social order

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6
Q

moral panics

A

over heated, short lived periods of intense social concern over an issue

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7
Q

moral entrepreneurs

A

push for increased awareness of and concern over an issue during a moral panic

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8
Q

stigma

A

occurs when some characteristics of an individual or group is seen as inferior or undesirable and leads to social rejection

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9
Q

labeling theory

A

deviance is not about the act itself, but is negotiated socially through reactions to the act

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10
Q

functionalist theories of deviance

A

idea that deviance serves a social purpose, by affirming our social agreements about right and wrong. strengthens social cohesion

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11
Q

social cohesion

A

the degree to which we identify with and maintain social rules and connections

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12
Q

normative

A

accepted and expected

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13
Q

anomie

A

a situation in which we do not have clear morals or social expectations to guide our behavior. used to explain deviance occurs when there is a mismatch between socially endorsed goals and the socially endorsed means to achieve those goals

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14
Q

strain theory

A

stress results from anomie, which may lead some to adapt by engaging in deviant behavior

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15
Q

merton’s 5 modes of adaptation

A

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

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16
Q

conformity (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

when individuals accept both the socially approved goals and have the means to achieve them, so they can follow norms

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17
Q

innovation (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

someone shares socially approved values and goals but rejects the means to achieve them.
may use new, unapproved methods to achieve the same goal

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18
Q

ritualism (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

people follow socially approved means to success, but reject the goals
ex: going to class everyday but not caring about graduating

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19
Q

retreatism (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

rejects both the socially prescribed goals and the normative means to achieve those goals
ex: hippie life of the 60s

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20
Q

rebellion (merton’s 5 modes of adaptation)

A

rejecting both social goals and means but try to disrupt the system instead of retreating. most threatening to existing social arrangements

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21
Q

opportunity theory

A

some people may be more likely than others to be exposed to deviant subcultures
-> those living in poverty in highly populated cities

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22
Q

illegitimate opportunity

A

provided by the deviant subculture’s proximity and norms of delinquency in order to take on the role of deviant

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23
Q

conflict theories of deviance

A

ask how rules and norms are shaped by power relations in a society

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24
Q

worldview

A

set of shared values, beliefs, and understandings about how the world should be
- groups of people holding power are homogenous

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25
Q

ideology

A

set of beliefs, values, and assumptions we use to understand the world, about what constitutes deviance and what does not
- supports the dominant group’s hegemony

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26
Q

hegemony

A

a particular type of domination in which the powerful get the consent or support of everyone else

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27
Q

theory of differential association

A

suggests that deviance is a learned behavior, just like any other. learned from social networks

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28
Q

control theory

A

focuses on how ties to mainstream social groups and societal institutions make us less likely to become deviant

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29
Q

criminology

A

the study of crime and criminal behavior. from this perspective, crime exists because criminals have something wrong with them

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30
Q

crime

A

an act that violates the penal code

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31
Q

penal code

A

the written laws that govern behavior in a particular jurisdiction

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32
Q

violent crime

A

murder, robbery, assault, sexual assault, rape

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33
Q

property crime

A

theft that is not carried out through force

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34
Q

street crime

A

violent crimes and property crimes that are more common in public spaces and often involve the police

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35
Q

white-collar crime

A

crimes like fraud, embezzlement, and other unethical acts or business practices that are typically not carried out on the street or in public spaces and do not use physical force

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36
Q

criminal

A

a person who has violated a criminal law

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37
Q

social network

A

a group of people (organizations, nations, etc) that are linked to each other in a specific way

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38
Q

social bonds

A

connections and attachments to people and institutions which often serve as a pathway leading us away from a life of criminal activity

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39
Q

crime prevention through environmental design

A

urban planners and architects can limit dark, isolated, or unsupervised spaces where potential criminals might seek out victims in order to reduce crime

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40
Q

broken window theory

A

theory of policing that argues that small signs of disorder lead to outbreaks of more serious crimes. if police respond to small violations of public order, they will make major crimes less likely.

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41
Q

homicide rate

A

the most common measure of violence in a society

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42
Q

culture of violence

A

the idea that the US has a unique heritage in which settlers had to resort to violence to protect their property and themselves, creating a longstanding norm of violent behavior

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43
Q

relative deprivation

A

a feeling of falling behind while other people do better and better. this feeling creates strain, which can lead to crime

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44
Q

mass incarceration

A

the expansion of imprisonment to a level that is not matched elsewhere in the world or at any previous point in US history, particularly for specific demographic groups

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45
Q

“defund the police”

A

the slogan of a movement to shift resources from police budgets to other agencies that provide services, like jobs, programs, or mental health treatment, to residents of a city

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46
Q

black lives matter

A

movement devoted to, among other things, reducing police violence against african americans

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47
Q

the new jim crow

A

michelle alexander’s book argues that mass incarceration represents the latest in a series of institutions and policies designed to reinforce a racialized caste system in the US

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48
Q

community cultural wealth

A

marginalized communities have always generated community cultural wealth that has allowed them to survive and resist

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49
Q

persistence

A

poor people’s ability to organize their social world and maintain social order

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50
Q

organic capital

A

the urban poor create social order within a marginal context

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51
Q

crimes of resistance

A

some poor and working class people engage in these as a form of protest against their economic conditions

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52
Q

deviant politics

A

political actions, the resistance, that youth labeled by society as deviant use to respond to punishment that they encounter

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53
Q

census

A

the constitution requires an enumeration of the population every ten years. categories have changed over time

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54
Q

race

A

a system that humans created to classify and stratify groups of people based mostly on skin tone and other phenotypic characteristics, such as eye shape and hair texture

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55
Q

ethnicity

A

common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people

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56
Q

one-drop rule

A

many state laws used to declare than any person with any african ancestry at all was black

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57
Q

social construct

A

a concept that humans invented and gave meaning to in order to understand or justify some dimension of the social world

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58
Q

eugenics

A

the idea that we can actively improve the genetic profile of humans. led to forced sterilization of groups of people labeled as unfit to reproduce

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59
Q

phenotype

A

the set of our visible features or characteristics

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60
Q

implicit bias

A

the association our minds make between seemingly unrelated things

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61
Q

explicit bias

A

bias that we are openly and consciously aware of

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62
Q

internalized bias

A

when a person belonging to a marginalized racial group associates their own group with negative evaluations

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63
Q

stereotypes

A

widely shared perceptions about the personal characteristics, tendencies, or abilities of members of a particular group, like intelligence, personality, physical features, preferences, aggressiveness, or criminality

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64
Q

prejudices

A

preconceived beliefs, attitudes, and opinions about members of a group

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65
Q

group threat theory

A

thinking of another group as an economic political or cultural threat increases prejudice

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66
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

a tendency to perceive undesirable characteristics or behaviors exhibited by members of another group as an innate or inherent part of their personality or essence

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67
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

a psychological state in which our preexisting ideas do not match what we see with our own eyes
ex: seeing positive behaviors from people we think of negatively

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68
Q

contact theory

A

interaction and exposure with members of other groups can be beneficial, but only under specific conditions. the interaction has to occur in a collaborative voluntary and non competitive space and happens multiple times.

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69
Q

audit study

A

only one aspect is changed and the rest of the experiment and trials is replicated

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70
Q

racial discrimination

A

the differential treatment of people based on their presumed racial group membership

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71
Q

negative racial discrimination

A

unfavorable and unjust treatment of a person based on their racial group membership

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72
Q

racism

A

a set of beliefs, ideologies, or institutional practices that are based on the idea that one racial group is biologically or culturally inferior to another group and that reproduces racial domination and exploitation

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73
Q

white supremacy

A

a set of beliefs, ideologies, and institutional practices that position white people as superior to other racial groups

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74
Q

institutional racism

A

the ways that core institutions, like the law, education, and labor market, are embedded with racial biases and practices that reproduce inequality

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75
Q

jim crow

A

a period in american history between the end of the reconstruction (following the civil war) in the late nineteenth century and the end of the civil rights movement of the mid twentieth century

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76
Q

civil rights movement

A

a large scale black led social movement in the 1950s and 60s centered around protest, civil disobedience, and legal battles

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77
Q

affirmative action

A

policies or programs that sought to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity

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78
Q

reparations

A

recognition of and compensation (usually financial) for past harm against specific people or groups of people

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79
Q

immigrant selectivity

A

the process whereby people who immigrate to the US from certain countries have a unique demographic profile compared to the people who stay behind in their home countries

80
Q

life expectancy

A

a statistical measure of how long people can expect to live

81
Q

sex

A

the different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, and hormones

82
Q

gender

A

the socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationship among and between groups of women and men

83
Q

nature

A

biological influences

84
Q

nurture

A

social influences

85
Q

gender norms

A

social definitions of behavior assigned to particular sex categories

86
Q

the social construction of gender

A

how meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms. includes teaching, learning, performing, and policing gender in light of expectations of appropriate conduct

87
Q

do gender

A

we perform actions that produce gender, do gender in interactions with others, and take into consideration what is believed to be appropriate for our gender

88
Q

gender binary

A

the classification system that allows for only two separate gender categories

89
Q

androgynous

A

incorporating both feminine and masculine characteristics

90
Q

gender-affirming care

A

therapies or treatments, ranging from counseling to medical interventions such as hormone treatments, aimed at affirming an individual’s gender identity when it conflicts with the one assigned at birth

91
Q

intersectionality

A

the ways different types of social relations are linked together in complex ways, creating very different experiences for different groups of people

92
Q

ethnocultural

A

cultural influences of the ethnic groups to which we belong

93
Q

gender inequality

A

individuals or groups are treated and perceived differently based upon their gender

94
Q

eugenics

A

believed humanity could be improved by encouraging native born upper class whites to have more children while decreasing births through force sterilization in other groups

95
Q

buck v. bell (1927)

A

the supreme court held that states had the right to sterilize individuals thought unfit to have children

96
Q

motherhood penalty

A

the systematic disadvantages in wages, benefits, and other career factors that are associated with motherhood

97
Q

fatherhood bonus

A

benefits in wages and perceived competence associated with fatherhood

98
Q

glass ceiling metaphor

A

describes barriers that women face in the workplace that prevent them from reaching higher positions

99
Q

acquaintance rape

A

a rape or sexual assault that occurs between people who already know each other

100
Q

victim blaming

A

when survivors are viewed as responsible for their own assaults

101
Q

rape myth

A

stereotypes or false beliefs about sexual violence that may excuse or naturalize the perpetrator’s behavior

102
Q

intimate partner violence/domestic violence

A

abuse occurring between current or former spouses, someone they are dating, or romantic partnersp

103
Q

proxy violence

A

some abusers harm or threaten to harm someone else, like a child, other loved one, or even a pet, if the victim tries to leave

104
Q

reproductive coercion

A

forcing parenthood on an unwilling partner through means ranging from violence to contraceptive sabotage. increases victim’s dependence on abuser

105
Q

financial abuse

A

preventing the victim from working or restricting their access to money they’ve earned

106
Q

conservatorship

A

may be granted by a court when an individual is deemed unable to make their own decisions due to an issue like mental illness or dementia

107
Q

androcentric

A

focus mainly on the experiences of men

108
Q

hypersexuality

A

extreme in sexual appearance or desire

109
Q

jezebel caricature

A

portrayed black women as highly sexual

110
Q

brute caricature

A

portrayed black men as savage sexual predators

111
Q

puberty

A

process of becoming a sexually mature individual, a biological event

112
Q

social control

A

the way we enforce normative behaviors through social interaction, values, and worldviews, and laws

113
Q

medicalization

A

a process in which society understands or defines a problem in medical terms

114
Q

phallocentrism

A

a worldview that centers the phallus in sexual acts and society more broadly

115
Q

abstinence only sex education

A

students are taught that abstinence is expected of them

116
Q

comprehensive sex education

A

importance of waiting to have sex but giving information to avoid unwanted pregnancies and stds

117
Q

roe v wade

A

held that the constitution guaranteed a right to abortion

118
Q

medical abortions

A

pills that are illegal with abortion bans

119
Q

concerted cultivation

A
  • promoted by middle class parents
  • actively foster children’s talents, opinions, skills
  • organized activities, reasoning with them, involvement and monitoring experiences in schools
120
Q

emerging sense of entitlement

A

the focus on a child’s individual development that comes from concerted cultivation

121
Q

accomplishment of natural growth

A
  • parents of working class and poor families
  • allow kids to grow spontaneously within these boundaries
  • no organized activities
  • parents use directives over reasoning
  • children navigate institutional life like school on their own
122
Q

emerging sense of constraint

A

children developed this through accomplishment of natural growth

123
Q

family (in america)

A

a group of people who are connected by blood, a sexual relationship, or the law

124
Q

kinship

A

the most basic form of human relationship

125
Q

marriage

A

a socially sanctioned union that includes legal rights and responsibilities of the spouses to each other, their children, and the larger society

126
Q

adoption

A

the process of parents voluntarily choosing to have a legal parent-child relationship with a child who isn’t related to them by blood

127
Q

blended families

A

family with a step parent, step sibling, or half sibling. on the rise in the US

128
Q

matrillineal

A

when societies determine kinship between generations through the mother’s line

129
Q

patrillineal

A

when societies determine kinship, names, property, and titles through the male line

130
Q

universal

A

some norms are universal, existing in virtually all societies

131
Q

incest taboo

A

cultural prohibition against sexual activity between relatives

132
Q

longitudinal data

A

gathered at different points in time

133
Q

polygamy

A

having multiple spouses at the same time

134
Q

polygny

A

a man has multiple wives

135
Q

polyandry

A

a woman has multiple husbands

136
Q

nuclear family

A

a married couple and their dependent children

137
Q

companionate affection

A

based on a deep emotional commitment

138
Q

divorce

A

the legally recognized termination of a marriage

139
Q

no-fault divorce

A

1970s. allowed couples to divorce without having to prove that one of them broke their marriage vows or acted irresponsibly

140
Q

gray divorce

A

rapid rise in divorce rate among those over 50 years old

141
Q

social integration

A

the degree to which people are connected to each other and to social institutions

142
Q

thin market

A

cost of finding potential partners presents a barrier to forming relationships

143
Q

hook-up

A

sexual encounter characterized by a lack of longstanding commitmetn

144
Q

double standard for sexual behavior

A

women’s reputations suffer more for engaging in hook-ups than men’s do

145
Q

cohabitation

A

unmarried partners living together

146
Q

relationship inertia

A

cohabitation encourages people to “slide” into marriage rather than “decide” to marry

147
Q

wedding-industrial complex

A

the merging of industry with social rituals surrounding marriage

148
Q

commoditization of weddings

A

these social rituals have economic value because of the products and services we purchase for them

149
Q

consumer rites

A

elaborations of older customs as businesses attempted to create new markets for their services and products
- weddings have been increasingly surrounded by consumer rites
- used to be community projects

150
Q

wedding traditions as heteronormative

A

wedding traditions reflect the attitude and assumption that heterosexuality is normal and natural

151
Q

more women are childfree bc

A
  • women are having children later
  • families are smaller now than in previous generations
  • women have increased their educational attainment and labor force participation
  • relaible contraceptives
  • marriage rate is at an all time low
152
Q

fertility rates

A

births per woman
- have declined steadily for decades in many countries around the world
- influenced by economic conditions and careers

153
Q

breadwinner-homemaker model

A

a gendered labor arrangement in which one partner (usually man) worked outside the home to earn money, and another partner (usually woman) stayed at home to do the housework, childcare, and other household labor

154
Q

duel-earner arrangement

A

both spouses have wage earning jobs

155
Q

second shift

A

found that women did the brunt of performing the childcare and housework after their wage earning jobs

156
Q

leisure gap

A

working men were able to use after work hours to rest, recharge and pursue hobbies, while employed wives did housework and childcare

157
Q

parental leave

A

may be provided for both or either in other wealthy countries

158
Q

maternity leave

A

provides protected, paid leave for women who have just given birth

159
Q

paternity leave

A

usually shorter than maternity leave; some countries

160
Q

social democracies

A

some developed countries operate where taxes are higher but the government provides more social programs aimed at supporting families and reducing the gap between the rich and the poor

161
Q

universal healthcare

A

one of many forms of assistance in france, for example.
- costs borne by taxpayers
- they reduce income inequality and poverty rates compared to capitalist countries like the US which offer fewer such forces of support

162
Q

public health crisis

A
  • intimate partner violence
  • arises because of cultural norms and social policies around gender, inequality, and violence
163
Q

types of ipv

A
  • physical violence
  • sexual violence
  • stalking
  • psychological aggression
164
Q

entrenched

A
  • economic inequality is
  • deeply ingrained in our social institutions and thus unlikely to change without large-scale efforts
165
Q

missing middle

A

the middle class is argued to be disappearing
- politicians mostly discuss policies that affect the very rich and the very poor, leaving out average working people

166
Q

deportation

A

being forced to leave the country

167
Q

asylum seekers

A

request for sanctuary has yet to be processed

168
Q

obergefell v hodges

A

made same sex marriage legal

169
Q

sandwich generation

A
  • increase in multi-generational households
  • the population is getting older
  • this is the group of people who are responsible for the care of both their children and their elderly parents
170
Q

functionalist view on education

A

education is a vital part of the machine that is society
- focuses on the maintenance of the social order
- schools are essential sites of socialization

171
Q

socialization

A

the process by which people come to share the values, morals, beliefs, and ways of acting that are expected in their society

172
Q

sorting

A

schools help sort students for future roles in society

173
Q

manifest functions

A

what we openly create an institution to do

174
Q

latent functions

A

unintended or unrecognized functions

175
Q

achievement ideology

A

disguises how unfair things really are. we might think something like school is a meritocracy, but conflict theorists see it as a contest that favors the powerful

176
Q

social reproduction

A

children will likely remain in the same social class they started in (regardless of school)

177
Q

social capital

A

the ways people can use their social connections to gain knowledge, access, and other benefits

178
Q

cultural capital

A

the knowledge and skills we possess that are in short supply and valued by schools and other institutions

179
Q

institutionalized racism (in schools)

A

shapes who attends which schools, how schools are funded, and who benefits from education polices

180
Q

interactionist theory

A

pays close attention to what happens in schools, especially everyday interactions and how rules are enforce

181
Q

achievement gap

A

unequal outcomes resulting from differences in opportunities
- black white
- social class

182
Q

opportunity gap

A

healthy food, reliable health care, good schools, qualified teachers, high expectations all lead to academic achievement

183
Q

food insecurity

A

not having consistent access to nutritious food

184
Q

concerted cultivation

A

middle class families were deliberate about preparing their children for future successes
- reasoned with kids and encouraged them to think for themselves
- enrolled in organized activities
- contacted teachers, coaches with questions and concerns

185
Q

accomplishment of natural growth

A
  • parents who are working class or poor
  • more direct in telling kids what to do
  • enrolled them in fewer organized activities
  • did not question educators or health care professionals about what was best for their children
186
Q

social construct

A

a concept people have developed and used, and its meaning can change over time and space
- race
- gender
- sexuality

187
Q

de jure segregation

A

segregation by law
- in the south after the civil war; two separate systems

188
Q

de facto segregation

A

not by law
- residential segregation in the north led to attending different schools

189
Q

double segregation

A

schools with large numbers of black and latinx students are also more likely to have large numbers of low-income students

190
Q

heteronormativity

A

the assumption that individuals are heterosexual and that biological sex and gender identity are aligned

191
Q

hidden curriculum

A

teaches students how they should behave, how they should expect to be treated, and whose ideas are important
- significant lessons on authority and power
- varies depending on the social class of students -> preparing children to do the same work their parents do

192
Q

tracking

A

assigning students to classes based on their achievement levels
- social class is a huge factor
- so is race

193
Q

second-generation segregation

A

segregation inside schools that are supposedly desegregated

194
Q

education policy

A

decisions about a range of school issues, including funding, operations, curriculum, student assignment, and staffing
- the money for k-12 education generally comes from local property taxes -> major source of inequality

195
Q

no child left behind act of 2001

A

mandated that schools test all students in most grades every year in math, reading, and science
- schools without sufficient student progress faced consequences

196
Q

charter schools

A
  • privately run but publicly funded
  • strict goals for achievement to meet agreement with the district or state
  • more segregated than traditional public schools
197
Q
A

soc 1 (2 decks)

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