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anthropology > midterm 1 vocab > Flashcards

midterm 1 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

A discipline that investigates the nature of and causes of human variation and those aspects of life that are common to all of humanity

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2
Q

Medical anthropology

A

The study of health, illness, health care, and related topics from a broad anthropological perspective

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3
Q

Critical medical anthropology

A

An analysis of how power differentials affect health

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4
Q

Interpretive approach

A

The attempt to understand medical systems, health, and disease strictly within their cultural contexts

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5
Q

Nosologies

A

A system of disease classification

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6
Q

Cultural construction of diseases

A
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7
Q

International classification of disease

A

World Health Organization (WHO) - a globally recognized listing of standard definitions of disease

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8
Q

EMIC

A

The perspective of members of a society

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9
Q

ETIC

A

The perspective on a society from the view of an outsider

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10
Q

Culture

A

The beliefs, values, practices, and traditions of behavior of a group

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11
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

Separation of mind and body - separation of nature and nurture

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12
Q

Epigenetics

A

The health and dietary status of your ancestors is imbedded in your DNA

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13
Q

Norms

A
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14
Q

Biological determinism

A

The concept that all human behavior is determined by genes, brain size, and/or other biological attributes (reductive and inaccurate)

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15
Q

Biocultural perspective

A

Perspective that considers the social, ecological, and biological aspects of health issues and, importantly, how these interact within and across populations and over evolutionary time

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16
Q

Ethnographic fieldwork

A

Anthropological research that usually involves long-term residence in a community, speaking the local language, and participating in daily life as a member of that community

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17
Q

Participant-observation

A

The participation in, yet detached observance of, a group’s behavior that is the hallmark of ethnographic fieldwork

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18
Q

Ethnomedicine

A

Healing traditions of a certain culture

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19
Q

Ethno-biocentrism

A

Refers to the denigration or pathologization of biological variation that doesn’t conform to people’s beliefs about what is normal or better human biology

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20
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that your culture and way of life is superior to all other ways life

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21
Q

Reflexivity

A
  • Role of the ethnographer and social positioning
  • Influences the relationship between anthropologist and community
  • Influences the type of data collected
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22
Q

Positionality

A
  • Role of the ethnographer and social positioning
  • Influences the relationship between anthropologist and community
  • Influences the type of data collected
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23
Q

International health

A

A state of complete social, psychological, and physical well-being - varies cross-culturally

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24
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Cultures must not be evaluated in relation to another that is judged superior, but rather understood on their own terms

25
Q

Food (in)security

A
26
Q

Dietary reference intakes

A

Standards for the recommended intake of nutrients (estimated average requirements, recommended dietary allowances, adequate intake, tolerable upper intake levels, acceptable macronutrient distribution range)

27
Q

Malnutrition (over and under)

A
  • Under nutrition (caloric) - growth failure (failure to thrive, protein-energy malnutrition)
  • Under nutrition (specific nutrient deficiencies) - specific nutrient deficiencies (iron, zinc, various vitamins)
  • Overnutrition (caloric) - obesity
  • Nutrient imbalance - refers to diseases affected by poor nutrition such as Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, etc
28
Q

Hypertension

A

When the pressure in your blood pressure is too high (above 140/90 mmHg)

29
Q

Celiac disease

A

An immunologically mediated sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley

30
Q

Body mass index

A

Supposed fat to muscle composition (Weight in kg / height in square meters)

31
Q

Obesity

A

Having a BMI of 30 or more

32
Q

Overweight

A

Having a BMI of 25-30

33
Q

Diabetes

A

A syndrome in which blood sugar levels remain high. There are two types: Type I (IDDM) appears to be immunologically mediated and caused by destruction of cells that produce insulin; Type II (NIDDM) is often caused by insulin resistance

34
Q

Embodiment

A

The ways in which the environment that humans live leaves traces in human biology or alters biological development in children

35
Q

Medicalization

A

Defining a condition as a disease or a condition in need of medical surveillance

36
Q

Proximate (causes)

A

The immediate cause of some physiological disruption

37
Q

Ultimate (causes)

A

The more distant sociocultural, political, economic, historical, ecological, or evolutionary causes of a disease

38
Q

Biological normalcy

A

Refers to the ways in which the statistical distributions of biological traits in a population are related to normative views about what bodies ‘should’ look like (what people in a society consider a normal human body)

39
Q

Etiology

A

Causation, course of sickness

40
Q

Sick role

A

A socially recognizable set of different expectations for individuals with a socially recognized disease or illness

41
Q

Nocebo and placebo effect

A
  • Nocebo: when one feels ill because one believes themselves to be ill
  • Placebo: when one feels healthy because one believes themselves to be healthy (or that a treatment that has no benefits actually helped)
42
Q

Morbidity

A

Disease or the symptoms of disease

43
Q

Mortality

A

Death

44
Q

Sickness

A

An inclusive term that refers to “unwanted” variations in physical, social, and psychological dimensions of health

45
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone produced in the pancreas that is responsible for clearing glucose from the bloodstream by having cells take up glucose

46
Q

Disease

A

Refers to the physiological altercation that impairs or has the potential to impair function in some way

47
Q

Illness

A

Refers to the individual experience of feeling sick

48
Q

Mutation

A

Mistakes that are made in the copying of DNA. Can lead to new antigens in pathogens, malignant cells - as in cancer - or new adaptive variants of a gene

49
Q

Natural selection

A

A process through which ind. with traits that enhance their survival or reproduction leave more offspring in subsequent generations so that those traits become more common over time

50
Q

Evolution

A

Changes in the characteristics of a population over time

51
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that confers some survival or reproductive advantage

52
Q

Adaptability

A

Short-term, non-inheritable physiological changes that occur in ind. when they are confronted w/ immediate challenges to their survival

53
Q

Fitness

A

Reproductive success in evolutionary terms

54
Q

Selective forces

A

Factors that derive from the environment that ultimately pose threats to health, well-being, survival, and reproduction (challenge survival and reproduction)

55
Q

Stressors

A

Challenges to health and well-being, survival and reproduction, or anything that generates a physiological stress response

56
Q

Cultural relativity

A

The viewpoint that all cultures must be understood within their own internal logic

57
Q

Culture bound syndrome

A

Response to non-Western mental health that falls outside DSM, illness unique to a particular society

58
Q

Amok

A

Dissociative disorder in China

anthropology (4 decks)

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