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KINE 3020 > Midterm 1: Unit 1-3 > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Unit 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is motor control?

A

Movement through activation and coordination of muscles/limbs through reflective, reactive and voluntary mechanisms (afferent & efferent control).

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2
Q

What are Afferent Neurons?

A

Provides CNS with information from periphery.

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3
Q

What are Efferent Neurons?

A

Control muscle contraction.

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4
Q

What are Interneurons?

A

Integrates multiple inputs and transmits processed signals.

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5
Q

Frontal Lobe Functions

A

Movement, planning and reasoning.

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6
Q

Parietal Lobe Functions

A

Somatic sensation and spatial reasoning.

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7
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions

A

Hearing, smell, taste, visual perception and speech.

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8
Q

Occipital Lobe Functions

A

Vision.

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9
Q

What is the functions of the Somatic NS?

A

Limb/muscle position and external environment.

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10
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic NS?

A

Controls viscera, smooth muscle, and glands.

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11
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The passing of information through electrochemical mechanisms.

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12
Q

What can occur in Post Synaptic Potentials?

A

They can depolarize (EPSP) or hyperpolarize (IPSP).

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13
Q

What is Spatial Summation?

A

The input from many presynaptic neurons.

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14
Q

What is Temporal Summation?

A

The input from one presynaptic neuron in quick succession.

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15
Q

What are the factors that effect the response of motor neurons?

A

They depend on size, velocity conduction and the number of muscle fibers it innervates.

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16
Q

What is a Motor Unit (MU)?

A

A muscle neuron and all the extrafusal muscle fibers it innervates (Innervation Ratio).

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17
Q

What is MU Recruitment?

A

Size principle: Smaller MU’s get recruited before larger ones.

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18
Q

What is the Motor Neuron Pool?

A

All individual MU’s innervating a single muscle, clustered in the spinal cord (1-4 Spinal Segments).

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19
Q

What are extrafusal fibers?

A

Responsible for movement, innervated by alpha motor neurons.

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20
Q

What are intrafusal fibers?

A

Specialized for proprioception, detecting changes in muscle length and are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

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21
Q

How is Human Movement categorized?

A

Reflexes, Stereotyped Movements, and Goal Directed Behaviours.

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22
Q

What is Skilled Performance?

A

The learnt ability for specific results by maximizing the certainty of the goal and minimizing physical/mental energy cost and time used.

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23
Q

Components of Skilled Performance

A

Training/Practice, Efficiency/ Economy Performance and Flexibility.

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24
Q

What are the Critical Elements of Skill?

A

Perpetual, Cognitive and Motor.

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25
Q

How can we Classify Skill?

A

Environmental Predictability, Movement Initiation, Task Organization and Primary Muscles.

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26
Q

What is the Information Processing Model

A

Input: signals from the environment.
Output: action on the environment.

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27
Q

Name the Processing Mechanisms (3)?

A

Perception, Decision and Effector.

28
Q

What are factors that affect information processing?

A

Limited Capacity, Speed-Accuracy and Reaction Time.

29
Q

What is Fitts’ Law?

A

The movement time for tasks requiring speed and accuracy.

30
Q

What are the stages of learning?

A

Cognitive, Associative and Autonomous.

31
Q

What is performance?

A

The observable behaviour.

32
Q

What is learning?

A

The relatively permanent improvement in performance through practice.

33
Q

What is Performance Production?

A

It measures behaviour required to achieve a goal.

34
Q

What is Performance Outcome?

A

It measures the result of a goal.

35
Q

How can we assess production?

A

Human Judgement, Video Recording, Computer Analysis, EMG, EEG and fMRI.

36
Q

How can we assess outcome?

A

Response Magnitude, Reaction Time and Accuracy/Error.

37
Q

What types of error can be measures?

A

Constant, Variable, Absolute and Total Variability.

38
Q

Somatosensory System Function

A

Detects the position and motion of body parts, receiving signals from the periphery and sends it to the CNS for interaction.

39
Q

What is Proprioception?

A

The sense of limb position in space and relative to the body; awareness to oneself.

40
Q

What is Kinaesthesia?

A

The conscious sense of movement.

41
Q

Cutaneous Receptors

A

Respond to touch, stretch, vibration, pain and temperature, slow adapting (Merkle disc and Ruffini Endings) and fast adapting (Pacinian and Meissner Corpuscle).

42
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Monitor joint angles and range of motion.

43
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

They detect muscle length and changes in length.

44
Q

Type 1a Fibers

A

Respond to both dynamic and static changes in the muscle, wrapping around both the nuclear bag and chain.

45
Q

Type 2 Fibers

A

Respond to static muscle length and provide feedback about muscle stretch.

46
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Sense muscle tension and force (↑ tension, ↑ fire rate).

47
Q

Flexion Withdrawal Reflex

A

Limb withdrawal from pain.

48
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Monosynaptic reflex triggered by muscle stretch.

49
Q

Crossed Extension Reflex

A

Opposite limb extends for balance when the other experiences pain.

50
Q

Visual System Function

A

Detects objects and their movement in space; provides visual proprioception, body and segment positioning.

51
Q

What is the Fovea?

A

Area for high resolution focus/imaging.

52
Q

What is the Pathway for Visual Information?

A

Axon exits from optic disc, forms optic nerve and travels to the optic chasm.

53
Q

Where does the tract relay information to?

A

The Superior Colliculus, Pretectal Region and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.

54
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Dorsal Stream (Where): Spatial cues and located in the Posterior Parietal Region.
Ventral Stream (What): Pattern Recognition and located in the Temporal Cortex.

55
Q

What is Optic Ataxia?

A

Difficulty grasping objects due to damage in the dorsal stream.

56
Q

What is Visual Agnosia?

A

Difficulty Identifying objects due to damages in the ventral stream.

57
Q

What is the function of the Vestibular System?

A

Controls balance (Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex) , eye and neck positioning (Vesbtibulo-Colic Reflex) and eye reflexes (Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex).

58
Q

What is Vestibular Ocular Reflex?

A

Maintains eye stability/focus by moving the eyes in the opposite direction of the head movement.

59
Q

What is the structure of the Vestibular System?

A

Bony Labyrinth filled with Perilymph Fluid and a membranous inner structure filled with Endolymph Fluid.

60
Q

Semicircle Canal

A

Work in pairs, each movement excites one side and inhibits the other.

61
Q

What is the Ampulla?

A

A bulge at the base that house cupulla which has cilia projecting from the hair cells.

62
Q

When do hair cells depolarize?

A

When cilia bend toward the kinocilium increasing the firing rate.

63
Q

When do hair cells hyperpolarize?

A

Occurs when cilia is bend opposite of the kinocilium.

64
Q

Otolith Organs (Utricle and Saccule)

A

Detect head tilt and linear movement.

65
Q

Structure of Otolith Organs

A

Otolithic Membrane extend into gelantinous layer containing otoconia (calcium crystals).

66
Q

Vestibular Sensory Neurons

A

Signals travel through the Vestibular Cochlear Nerve to the Vestibular Nuclei (Lateral, Medial, Superior and Inferior).

KINE 3020 (2 decks)

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