Midterm 1: Unit 1-3 Flashcards
What is motor control?
Movement through activation and coordination of muscles/limbs through reflective, reactive and voluntary mechanisms (afferent & efferent control).
What are Afferent Neurons?
Provides CNS with information from periphery.
What are Efferent Neurons?
Control muscle contraction.
What are Interneurons?
Integrates multiple inputs and transmits processed signals.
Frontal Lobe Functions
Movement, planning and reasoning.
Parietal Lobe Functions
Somatic sensation and spatial reasoning.
Temporal Lobe Functions
Hearing, smell, taste, visual perception and speech.
Occipital Lobe Functions
Vision.
What is the functions of the Somatic NS?
Limb/muscle position and external environment.
What is the function of the Autonomic NS?
Controls viscera, smooth muscle, and glands.
What is a synapse?
The passing of information through electrochemical mechanisms.
What can occur in Post Synaptic Potentials?
They can depolarize (EPSP) or hyperpolarize (IPSP).
What is Spatial Summation?
The input from many presynaptic neurons.
What is Temporal Summation?
The input from one presynaptic neuron in quick succession.
What are the factors that effect the response of motor neurons?
They depend on size, velocity conduction and the number of muscle fibers it innervates.
What is a Motor Unit (MU)?
A muscle neuron and all the extrafusal muscle fibers it innervates (Innervation Ratio).
What is MU Recruitment?
Size principle: Smaller MU’s get recruited before larger ones.
What is the Motor Neuron Pool?
All individual MU’s innervating a single muscle, clustered in the spinal cord (1-4 Spinal Segments).
What are extrafusal fibers?
Responsible for movement, innervated by alpha motor neurons.
What are intrafusal fibers?
Specialized for proprioception, detecting changes in muscle length and are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
How is Human Movement categorized?
Reflexes, Stereotyped Movements, and Goal Directed Behaviours.
What is Skilled Performance?
The learnt ability for specific results by maximizing the certainty of the goal and minimizing physical/mental energy cost and time used.
Components of Skilled Performance
Training/Practice, Efficiency/ Economy Performance and Flexibility.
What are the Critical Elements of Skill?
Perpetual, Cognitive and Motor.
How can we Classify Skill?
Environmental Predictability, Movement Initiation, Task Organization and Primary Muscles.
What is the Information Processing Model
Input: signals from the environment.
Output: action on the environment.
Name the Processing Mechanisms (3)?
Perception, Decision and Effector.
What are factors that affect information processing?
Limited Capacity, Speed-Accuracy and Reaction Time.
What is Fitts’ Law?
The movement time for tasks requiring speed and accuracy.
What are the stages of learning?
Cognitive, Associative and Autonomous.
What is performance?
The observable behaviour.
What is learning?
The relatively permanent improvement in performance through practice.
What is Performance Production?
It measures behaviour required to achieve a goal.
What is Performance Outcome?
It measures the result of a goal.
How can we assess production?
Human Judgement, Video Recording, Computer Analysis, EMG, EEG and fMRI.
How can we assess outcome?
Response Magnitude, Reaction Time and Accuracy/Error.
What types of error can be measures?
Constant, Variable, Absolute and Total Variability.
Somatosensory System Function
Detects the position and motion of body parts, receiving signals from the periphery and sends it to the CNS for interaction.
What is Proprioception?
The sense of limb position in space and relative to the body; awareness to oneself.
What is Kinaesthesia?
The conscious sense of movement.
Cutaneous Receptors
Respond to touch, stretch, vibration, pain and temperature, slow adapting (Merkle disc and Ruffini Endings) and fast adapting (Pacinian and Meissner Corpuscle).
Joint Receptors
Monitor joint angles and range of motion.
Muscle Spindles
They detect muscle length and changes in length.
Type 1a Fibers
Respond to both dynamic and static changes in the muscle, wrapping around both the nuclear bag and chain.
Type 2 Fibers
Respond to static muscle length and provide feedback about muscle stretch.
Golgi Tendon Organs
Sense muscle tension and force (↑ tension, ↑ fire rate).
Flexion Withdrawal Reflex
Limb withdrawal from pain.
Stretch Reflex
Monosynaptic reflex triggered by muscle stretch.
Crossed Extension Reflex
Opposite limb extends for balance when the other experiences pain.
Visual System Function
Detects objects and their movement in space; provides visual proprioception, body and segment positioning.
What is the Fovea?
Area for high resolution focus/imaging.
What is the Pathway for Visual Information?
Axon exits from optic disc, forms optic nerve and travels to the optic chasm.
Where does the tract relay information to?
The Superior Colliculus, Pretectal Region and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.
Primary Visual Cortex
Dorsal Stream (Where): Spatial cues and located in the Posterior Parietal Region.
Ventral Stream (What): Pattern Recognition and located in the Temporal Cortex.
What is Optic Ataxia?
Difficulty grasping objects due to damage in the dorsal stream.
What is Visual Agnosia?
Difficulty Identifying objects due to damages in the ventral stream.
What is the function of the Vestibular System?
Controls balance (Vestibulo-Spinal Reflex) , eye and neck positioning (Vesbtibulo-Colic Reflex) and eye reflexes (Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex).
What is Vestibular Ocular Reflex?
Maintains eye stability/focus by moving the eyes in the opposite direction of the head movement.
What is the structure of the Vestibular System?
Bony Labyrinth filled with Perilymph Fluid and a membranous inner structure filled with Endolymph Fluid.
Semicircle Canal
Work in pairs, each movement excites one side and inhibits the other.
What is the Ampulla?
A bulge at the base that house cupulla which has cilia projecting from the hair cells.
When do hair cells depolarize?
When cilia bend toward the kinocilium increasing the firing rate.
When do hair cells hyperpolarize?
Occurs when cilia is bend opposite of the kinocilium.
Otolith Organs (Utricle and Saccule)
Detect head tilt and linear movement.
Structure of Otolith Organs
Otolithic Membrane extend into gelantinous layer containing otoconia (calcium crystals).
Vestibular Sensory Neurons
Signals travel through the Vestibular Cochlear Nerve to the Vestibular Nuclei (Lateral, Medial, Superior and Inferior).
