Final Cumulative - Units 1-6

Question 1

What is the definition of Memory?

Answer 1

The process of retaining information overtime, memory can affect the choice of response to stimuli.

Question 2

What is Short Term Sensory Store (STSS)?

Answer 2

Responsible for storing vast amounts of Sensory Information (Auditory, Visual, Kinaesthetic..)

Question 3

What is Short Term Memory (STM)?

Answer 3

it is a temporary place for information; without rehearsal information is lost.

Question 4

What is Long Term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 4

It contains well learnt information that has been collected over a lifetime.

Question 5

What occurs during Parallel Processing?

Answer 5

Multi-Tasking; might be some impact in our ability to identify a particular stimulus.

Question 6

What is Inattention Blindness?

Answer 6

Reduced capacity to detect/identify stimulus because we’re not paying attention to it.

Question 7

What are the Pros/Cons of Sustained Attention?

Answer 7

Has the capacity to maintain this level of attention on an appropriate stimulus, but a requirement to maintain attentional focus on relevant stimuli.

Question 8

What is Selective Response?

Answer 8

Controlled: activities that require effort, in a particular order. (slow and logical)
Automatic: fast, automatic and effortless.

Question 9

How do we develop Automaticity?

Answer 9

A large amount of practice under consistent conditions.

Question 10

What is the Psychological Refractory Period?

Answer 10

2 different stimuli presented within a short interval from each.

Question 11

What is the Double Stimulation Paradigm?

Answer 11

Subject is required to respond with distinct responses, delays that occur are due to interference that arises in the processing of S1 and S2.

Question 12

What is RT2?

Answer 12

Reaction Time to the 2nd stimulus.

Question 13

What is Bottleneck Processing?

Answer 13

S1 → Followed by S2 → both processed until S1 reaches the bottleneck → S2 must wait for the response programming stage for further processing.

Question 14

Explain the Inverted “U” Principle?

Answer 14

Under High Arousal: Few Stimuli detected, RT slow, attention shifts.
Under Low Arousal: Attentional focus is wide and lots of information is picked up.
Optimal Arousal: Attentional focus is narrow enough to exclude irrelevant cues.

Question 15

What is Perceptual Narrowing?

Answer 15

Tendency for the perceptual field to shrink under stress with high arousal.

Question 16

What does the term ‘Choking Under Pressure’ refer to?

Answer 16

Not able to adapt to a changing situation, or making changes in the routine engaged in.

Question 17

What is the Closed Loop System?

Answer 17

Uses feedback to modify ballistic movements, slower but the modification means it can cope with changing environments.

Question 18

What is the Open Loop System?

Answer 18

Uni-directional command structure that sees the task being performed, changes in motor tasks don’t occur until theres new onset of the task.

Question 19

What are the 3 key points in differentiating Open Vs. Closed?

Answer 19

1. Availability of feedback/ The absence of it.
2. Timing.
3. Modificability.

Question 20

What are the 4 steps in the Closed Loop Control System?

Answer 20

1. An executive for decision making for errors.
2. An effector system for carrying out the decisions.
3. A comparator against which the anticipated feedback is compared to actual feedback.
4. An error signal, which is the information acted on by the executive.

Question 21

What is Movement Produced Feedback?

Answer 21

Aimed movement; taking information we’re getting from visual, limb/joint position and proprioceptive information.

Question 22

What is the First Response (M1)?

Answer 22

Monosynaptic reflex is fast, inflexible and lowest level feedback based on corrections, and are dependent on changes in muscles length.

Question 23

What is the Second Response (M2)?

Answer 23

Multi-synaptic reflex, greater delays because the signal is sent up the spinal cord to the high order neurons before returning muscles, and are dependent on muscle force, length, joint and body position.

Question 24

What are the key points in Open Loop Control Systems?

Answer 24

it cannot make modifications until task is complete and important when the environmental situation is predictable/stable.

Question 25

What is Feedforward?

Answer 25

Represents anticipated sensory consequences of movement.

Question 26

What is the definition of Degrees of Freedom (Dofs)?

Answer 26

Components of a control system that can vary independently and are controlled to produce effective action.

Question 27

How do we organize Dofs?

Answer 27

Muscle Synergies are groups of co-activated muscles- specifying a pattern of muscle activation modulated by a single neural command.

Question 28

What are the 2 Limitations of Simple Motor Control Systems?

Answer 28

Storage: how/where do we store the # of motor programs for the future.
Novelty: how do performers produce novel behaviour that cannot be represented in and already stored motor programs.

Question 29

What is Generalized Motor Programs?

Answer 29

Motor learning emerges naturally by the adaptation to these programs that already exist.

Question 30

What is Schema/Memory Structures?

Answer 30

Recall: A relationship between past outcomes and response specifications.
Recognition: Establish relationships between what we intend to happen and what actually takes place.

Question 31

What are the Invariant features of GMP?

Answer 31

Certain features that do not change, can be measured by a set of ratios among the durations of various events in the environment.

Question 32

What are the Parameters around GMP?

Answer 32

Movement time, Movement amplitude, effectors/muscles involved and overall time of movement.

Question 33

What is the Acquisition Stage of Motor Learning?

Answer 33

Can have immediate performance improvement.

Question 34

What is the Retention Stage of Motor Learning?

Answer 34

Can lead to permanent changes/proof of learning.

Question 35

What is the Transfer Stage of Motor Learning?

Answer 35

Can test the generalizability.

Question 36

What is Massed Practice?

Answer 36

A practice where the # of rest between practice trials are relatively short (less time for rest).

Question 37

What is Distributed Practice?

Answer 37

A practice where the # of rest between practice trials are relatively long (less time for practice).

Question 38

What is Constant Practice?

Answer 38

Sequence which only a single variation of a given class of tasks is experienced.

Question 39

What is Variable Practice?

Answer 39

Frequent changes of task so that the performer is constantly confronting.

Question 40

What is Blocked Practice?

Answer 40

Schedule where many trials on tasks are practiced consecutively, theres low contextual interference.

Question 41

What is Random Practice?

Answer 41

Practice trials on several different tasks are mixed, interleaved, across the practice period, with high contextual interference.

Question 42

What is Inherent Feedback?

Answer 42

Information provided as a natural consequence of an action (Intrinsic feedback).

Question 43

What is Augmented Feedback?

Answer 43

Information from the measured performance outcome that is fed back to the learner by artificial means (Extrinsic Feedback).

Question 44

What is Knowledge of Performance (KP)?

Answer 44

Movement pattern/quality of the action.

Question 45

What are the 3 types of Feedback?

Answer 45

Average Feedback: Give KP of the average performance resulting after several trials.
Faded Feedback: High rate of feedback to begin then reduce to zero.
Bandwidth Feedback: Give feedback when the performance is outside a predetermined acceptable limit or “band”.

Question 46

What is Knowledge of Results?

Answer 46

Information given to the learner about the success of an action with respect to the environmental goal.

Question 47

Why is less more in Feedback Systems?

Answer 47

Too much creates dependency, does not learn intrinsic feedback to guide movements and ‘Caveat’ is more complex tasks require more feedback.