Midterm 1 Review Flashcards
What is the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health for themselves?
Health promotion
What are the components of Health Promotion?
Emotional
Social
Physical
Intellectual
Spiritual
What is the state of optimal well-being that is oriented towards maximizing an individual’s potential?
Wellness
What is the term for the health of the community across multiple dimensions and disciplines?
Public Health
What are the 10 essential public health services?
Monitor
Diagnose
Research
Enforce
Mobilize
Evaluate
Develop
Inform
Assure
Link
(“MD-REMEDIAL”)
On the public health pyramid, what part focuses on the health promotion (education) and addressing risk factors, social and genetic factors?
Primary prevention
On the public health pyramid, what part focuses on the screening of at risk individuals, control of risk factors and early intervention?
Secondary prevention
On the public health pyramid, what part focuses on the rehabilitation, preventing complications, and improving quality of life?
Tertiary Prevention
What group of individuals fall into Tertiary prevention?
People with a health problem
What group of individuals fall into the Secondary prevention?
People at risk of a health problem
What group of individuals fall into the Primary prevention?
Well population
What model focuses on the individual’s perception of the threat to their own health and well-being?
Health Belief Model
What model focuses on the individuals readiness to change or attempt to change towards healthy behaviors/lifestyles?
Stages of Change Model
What are the five stages of the stages of change model?
Precontemplatoion, contemplation, decision/determination, action, maintenance
In the stages of change model, what part is where most people fail?
Maintenance
What model focuses on lifestyle and behaviour explained as a dynamic interaction of personal factors, environment influences, and behaviors that continually influence each other?
Social Learning Theory
What are the key concepts of the Social Learning Theory?
- Self-efficacy
- Observational learning
- Behavior capability
- Expectations
- Reciprocal determinism
- Reinforcement
(“SOBERR”)
What model emphasizes active participation in the development of communities that can better evaluate and solve health and social problems?
Community Organization Theory
What are the key concepts of the Community Organization Theory?
- Empowerment
- Community competence
- Participation and relevance
- Issue selection
- Critical consciousness
What theory is concerned with the processes and strategies for increasing the likelihood that health proficiency and programs will be adopted and maintained in formal organizations?
Organizational Change Theory
What are the key concepts of Organizational change theory?
- problem definition (awareness stage)
- initiation of action (adoption stage)
- implementation of change
- institutionalization of change
What theory address how new ideas, products, and social practices spread within a society or from one society to another?
Diffusion of Innovations Theory
What is the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society?
Culture
What is a set of congruent behaviors, practices, attitudes, and polices that come together in a system or agency among professional, enabling effective work to be done in a cross-cultural situations?
Cultural Competence
What part of the cultural competence continuum includes forced assimilation, subjugation, rights and privileges for dominant groups only?
Cultural Destructiveness
What part of the cultural competence continuum includes racism, maintain stereotypes, and unfair hiring practices
Cultural Incapacity
What part of the cultural competence continuum includes differences ignored, “treat everyone the same” and only meet the needs of the dominant group?
Cultural Blindness
What part of the cultural competence continuum includes the recognization of individual and cultural differences, seeking advice from diverse groups, and hiring culturally unbiased staff?
Cultural Competence
What part of the cultural competence continuum includes the implementation of changes to improve services based upon cultural needs, do research, and teach?
Cultural proficiency
Where does the US and Canada fall on the Cultural Competence Continuum?
Cultural Blindness
What are the steps of the Intercultural Development Continuum?
- Denial
- Polarization
- Minimization
- Acceptance
- Adaptation
What are the components of the LEARN model?
- Listen to the patient’s perception of the problem
- Explain your perception of the problem
- Acknowledge and discuss differences/similarities
- Recommend treatment
- Negotiate treatment
When was the first Healthy People started?
1979
What did Healthy people 2030 focus on?
Obesity
(Was supposed to be opioids)
What is the vision of Healthy People 2030?
A society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and well-being across the lifespan
What is the mission statement of Healthy People 2030?
To promote, strengthen, and evaluate the Nation’s efforts to improve the health and well-being of all people
What is the term for the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status?
Determinants of Health
What are some of the barriers to accessing health services?
- Lack of availability
- High cost
- Lack of insurance coverage
- Limited language access
What are some examples of individual behavior determinants of health?
Diet, Physical Activity, Alcohol, cigarette, and other drug use, and hand washing
What is an individuals responses or reactions to internal stimuli and external conditions termed?
Behaviors
What includes the interactions between family, friends, coworkers, and others in the community?
Social environments
What includes the things that can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted?
Physical environment
Which population groups have the highest obesity prevalence?
- Non-Hispanic black
- Hispanic
- Lower income groups
In 2018, how many people above the age of 18 met the current federal physical activity guidelines?
24%
What is the current trend of tobacco use in adults?
Gradually declining
What is the current trend in nicotine use in adults?
Increasing
What is the term for the average number of years a population of a certain age would be expected to live?
Life expectancy
What life expectancy measures does Healthy People monitor?
- Life expectancy at birth
- Life expectancy at 65
What is the term for the average number of healthy years a person can expect to live if age-specific death rates and age-specific morbidity rates remain the same throughout their lifetime?
Healthy life expectancy
What healthy life expectancy measures does Healthy People monitor?
- Expected years of life in good or better health
- Expected years of life free of ligation of activity
- Expected years of life free of selected chronic diseases
What is the term for the measure of the impact of premature mortality on a population, calculated as the sum of the differences between some predetermined minimum or desired life span and the age of death for individuals who died earlier than that predetermined age?
Years of Potential Life Lost
What term describes the attainment of the highest level of health for all people?
Health equity
What term refers to a personal (individual), physical sensation of discomfort?
Hunger
What term refers to a lack of available financial resources for food at the level of the household?
Food insecurity
Where does most of the sodium come in our diet?
Added salt in processed foods during manufacturing
What is the FDA’s RDA of sodium intake?
2300 mg/day
What is the American Heart Association’s RDA of sodium intake?
1500 mg/day
What activities are classified as moderate-intensity physical activity?
brisk walking, dancing, swimming, or bicycling on a level terrain
What activities are classified as Vigorous-intensity physical activity?
jogging, singles tennis, swimming continuous laps, or bicycling uphill
What activities are classified as Muscle-strengthening activity?
strength training, resistance training, or muscular and endurance exercises
What activities are classified as Bone-strengthening activity?
running, jumping rope, and lifting weights
What is the only Nutrition and Overweight objective that Healthy People 2020 made improvements on?
Calcium intake
What type of disease is obesity considered?
Chronic disease
What addition to our food supply has caused a 42% increase in calories consumed per day?
Added fats and oils
What product was created and is the cause of an increase in 28.7 pounds per capita of added sugar in the food supply?
High fructose corn syrup
True or False: African American and Hispanic men with higher incomes are more likely to be obese than those with low income?
TRUE
True or False: Low-income women are less likely to be obese than higher income women?
FALSE
(Idea of professional appearance in higher income women)
True of False: Women with college degrees are less likely to be obese compared to less educated women?
TRUE
What part of the united states has the highest prevalence of obesity and is considered the “Bible Belt”?
Southeast US
What government agency oversees the food labeling and food ingredients?
FDA
True of False: The FDA puts Reference amounts customarily consider (RACC) that are NOT a recommended amount to eat
TRUE
What law requires restaurants and similar retail establishments with 20 or more locations to list calorie content for standard menu items?
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
True or False: The ACA does not require vending machine operators who own 20 or more vending machines to disclose calorie content for certain items?
FALSE
What government agency oversees the inspection of food to ensure the safety of the American public?
USDA
What is the other part of MyPlate that is not included on the diagram that is essential?
Fats
What percentage of the US population is obese?
67%
(2/3)
What percentage of the US population is either overweight or obese?
75%
What is the largest of the 15 domestic nutrition assistance programs and is the nations first line of defense against hunger?
SNAP
What is the required amount of calories school must serve at lunch?
1600 calories
The type of immunity that results after exposure to the rabies virus and its subsequent set of immunizations is called ___
artificial acquired passive immunity
The type of immunity that occurs after an immunization is called ____
artificially acquired active immunity
Anything foreign to the body that results in the formation of an antibody or specialized T cell is a ____
antigen
The antibody molecule that is the first responder to an antigen is ____
IgM
The antigen binding area on an immunoglobulin molecule is the ____
variable region
The antibody molecule that can cross the mucosal epithelium is ____
IgA
The ____ is where the T cells attach to neutralize the antigen
constant region
The ____ region is recognized by phagocytic cells which then destroy the pathogen
constant
The type of immunity that occurs between a mother and her fetus is called ____
naturally acquired passive immunity
The Wakefield study was flawed because…
(all of the above)
- He received funds from lawyers suing a vaccine manufacturer
- He never met any of the study objectives
- Autism was ruled out as a diagnosis in 5 of the subjects
- His research could never be duplicated by any other researcher
The antibody molecule associated with parasitic infections and allergies is ____
IgE
The antibody molecule that has the highest circulating level is ____
IgG
The type of immunity that occurs after an infection is called ____
naturally acquired active immunity
Immunization and vaccination are priority areas in Healthy People 2020 as demonstrated by…
the goal being set as higher than 10% improvement
What are the key concepts of the Health Belief Model?
- perceived susceptibility
- perceived severity
- perceived benefits of intervention
- self-efficacy
What includes health promotion campaigns, safety policies, and disease prevention services, which can be implemented by a wide variety of agencies in both the public and private sectors?
Policies & interventions
What sets of measures are used to track progress of Healthy People initiatives by providing a “snapshot” of the nation’s health?
Leading health indicators
In 2010, what trend was observed for physically unhealthy days?
Increased with age
In 2010, what trend was observed for mentally unhealthy days?
Decreased with age
Activities such as bathing/showering, dressing, eating, getting in and out of bed, walking, and using the toilet are referred to as ____
Activities of daily living
Activities such as using the telephone, doing light housework, doing heavy housework, preparing meals, shopping for personal items, and managing money are referred to as ____
Instrumental activities of daily living
If a health outcome is seen in a greater or lesser extent between populations, there is ____
Disparity
What factors contribute to an individual’s ability to achieve good health?
Race or ethnicity
Sex
Sexual identity
Age
Disability
Socioeconomic status
Geographic location
Name 6 health risk factors considered in children
- obesity
- cigarette smoking
- physical fights
- drinking & driving
- asthma attacks
- food allergies
What population is most likely to have childbearing teenagers?
Hispanic
Americans with a healthy diet ____ caloric intake to…
- limit
- meet caloric needs
Name 6 leading health indicators for nutrition
- healthier food access
- healthcare and worksite settings
- weight status
- food insecurity
- food and nutrition consumption
- iron deficiency
In 2012, ____ was associated with an increase in CVD risk, CVD mortality risk, and all-cause mortality risk
sedentary behaviour
80% of the US food supply is regulated by the ____
FDA
What are the USDA guidelines for healthy eating?
- healthy eating pattern across lifespan
- variety, nutrient density, amount
- limit calories from added sugars & sat fats, reduce sodium
- healthier food & beverage choices
- support healthy eating patterns for all
A healthy eating pattern limits what 4 things?
- saturated fats
- trans fats
- added sugars
- sodium
Name 7 non-specific defenses of the human body
- skin
- mucous membranes
- ciliary escalator
- earwax
- urine
- vaginal secretions
- purging (peristalsis, defecation, vomit, diarrhea)
What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis?
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion -> opsonization
- digestion
During the digestion phase of phagocytosis, microorganisms are digested inside a ____
phagolysosome
What is an immunogen/antigen?
anything that elicits an immune response
What is an immunoglobulin?
antibody; class of proteins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) produced by the humoral immune response to respond to a specific antigen
Which type of immune response is comprised of activity of T cells?
cellular
Which type of immune response responds to infection involving the production of antibodies (B cells)?
humoral
____ shows us the serum level of an antibody, indicating if an individual has been infected
titer
What pathway of the humoral response neutralizes toxins and viruses, and prevents bacterial attachment?
neutralization pathway
In what pathway of the humoral response do antibodies facilitate uptake of pathogens by phagocytes?
opsonization pathway
Immunoglobulin binding sites are ____-specific
antigen
What term refers to the suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity?
vaccine
What term refers to immunity in most of the population (~85%)?
herd immunity
What term refers to chemical additives in vaccines to improve effectiveness?
adjuvants
What are the 3 characteristics of live attenuated vaccines?
- weakened pathogen
- closely mimic actual infection
- confers lifelong cellular & humoral immunity
What are the 3 characteristics of inactivated killed vaccines?
- safer than live vaccines
- require repeated booster doses
- induce mostly humoral immunity
____ vaccines use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
subunit
____ vaccines are used for diseases in children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides
conjugated
What type of vaccine involves injected naked DNA which produces the antigen encoded in the DNA and is carried to the red bone marrow to stimulate humoral & cellular immunity?
nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines (not used in humans yet)
In which model does change occur the slowest?
Organizational change model
Which type of public health model would involve scaring a patient into quitting smoking?
Health belief model
