Midterm 1 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Mentalism
A
Believed the brain cooled the blood & had no role in producing behaviour, This view championed by Aristotle
2
Q
Dualism
A
This idea was championed by René Descartes
He believed that both a nonmaterial mind & the material body contribute to behaviour
Mind regulates behaviour by directions the flow of ventricular fluid to the muscles via the pineal gland
3
Q
Materialism
A
Supported by the evolutionary theories of Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection, Survival of the fittest
Behaviour can be fully explained by the workings of the NS, w/o explanatory recourse to an immaterial mind
4
Q
Psyche
A
Synonym for mind; an entity once proposed to be the source of human behaviour
5
Q
Mind-body problem
A
How can a nonmaterial mind interact with a material body?
6
Q
Behavioural neuroscience
A
Study of the biological basis of behaviour in humans and other animals
7
Q
Between-subjects
A
control group (do not receive manipulation) vs experimental group (receive manipulation)
8
Q
Within-subjects
A
baseline (before manipulation) vs response (after manipulation)
9
Q
Correlations
A
look at how 2 variables change in relation to each other
10
Q
Somatic interventions
A
manipulate the body and look at the effects on behaviour
11
Q
Behavioural interventions
A
manipulate behaviour/experience and look for effects on the body/brain
12
Q
Epigenetics
A
examines the differences in gene expression related to environment and experience
13
Q
Stains
A
bind to specific proteins to localize them for different types of cells (based on proteins) or for full cells (ex. Golgi)
14
Q
Assays
A
bind to specific proteins to allow for measurement (not location)
15
Q
Microdialysis
A
determine what proteins are present in a given brain region
16
Q
Microelectrodes for measuring
A
can record the activity of a single cell
17
Q
Cerebral voltammetry
A
measure changes in specific proteins in a given brain region
18
Q
Tract tracing
A
injecting certain chemicals allows for the “mapping” of connections between cells/nuclei/structures
19
Q
Anatomical imaging
A
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
20
Q
Functional imaging
A
Functional MRI (fMRI) Positron emission tomography (PET)
21
Q
Measuring electrical activity
A
Electroencephalography (EEG)
22
Q
Optogenetics
A
Using protein channels sensitive to light to turn on or shut off activity
23
Q
Chemogenetics
A
Using protein channels sensitive to designer drugs to turn on or shut off activity
24
Q
Microelectrodes for stimulating
A
can manipulate a cell by stimulating it
25
Lesions
remove part of the brain to determine what it is involved in based on what changes
26
Stimulation
Activate multiple cells:
- With microelectrodes
- With deep brain stimulation (DBS)
- With transcranial stimulation (TMS)
27
Drugs
injecting into a specific region can affect how that region functions
28
Ipsilateral vs Contralateral
same side vs opposite side
29
Proximal vs Distal
near the trunk/midline vs far; toward end of limb
30
Dorsal vs Ventral
above, top vs below, bottom
31
Medial vs Lateral
midline, inward from vs side, outward from
32
Anterior vs Posterior
front, forwards of vs back, behind
33
Afferent vs Efferent
Afferent - sensory info arriving at CNS
| Efferent - motor info exiting CNS
34
Planes of the brain
Coronal / Frontal
Horizontal / Transverse
Sagittal
35
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
- Main Function: Transmitting information
- Cranial nerves by the brain
- Spinal nerves by the spinal cord segments
- Sensory input, motor control, modulation of sensation and facial movement
Afferent functions
Sensory input from eyes, ears, mouth and nose
Efferent functions
Motor control of the facial muscles, tongue and eyes
Both afferent and efferent functions
Modulation of sensation and movement in the face
36
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic (fight or flight) vs Parasympathetic (rest & digest)
37
Enteric nervous system (ENS)
- Controls digestion, bowel motility, blood flow, etc.
| - ENS sends info to the brain and can influence the mental state (Stress, Anxiety)
38
Law of Bell and Magendie
Dorsal fibres are afferent
--> They carry information from the body’s sensory receptors
Ventral fibres are efferent
--> They carry information from the spinal cord to muscles
39
Dermatomes
The segments of our bodies (dermatomes) correspond to segments of the spinal cord
Each dermatome has a sensory nerve and a motor nerve associated with it
40
The meninges
Three layers of protective tissue (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
41
Dura mater
The tough outer layer of fibrous tissue
42
Arachnoid mater
A thin sheet of delicate connective tissue
43
Pia mater
The moderately tough inner layer that clings to the brain’s surface
44
The subarachnoid space
The space just below the Arachnoid layer that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
45
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
made up of salts (sodium, potassium, etc.) in a solution
46
Buoyancy (CSF)
helps to keep the brain “afloat”; the weight of the unsuspended brain would damage the neurons on the ventral surface
47
Protection (CSF)
protects the brain from injury (to a certain extent)
48
Chemical stability (CSF)
removes waste products associated with metabolic activity
49
Prevention of ischemia (low blood flow) (CSF)
controls blood pressure in the brain
50
Ventricles
Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - 4 ventricles (two Lateral)
51
Major Arteries for Cerebrum
1. Anterior cerebral artery
2. Middle cerebral artery
3. Posterior cerebral artery
52
Grey Matter
Neuron cell bodies
| Glial cells
53
White Matter
Fibres/axons
54
Tracts
Several axons together within the CNS
55
Nerves
Several axons together outside the CNS
56
Concussion
mild traumatic brain injury (TBI)
57
Coup vs Countercoup
We call damage at the site of impact the coup
| Damage opposite to the site of impact is called the countercoup
58
Ischemic stroke
block blood vessel; more common; less severe
59
Hemorrhagic stroke
burst blood vessel; more severe; fortunately less common
60
Stroke Symptoms
```
Weakness on the contralateral side of the body
Slowed behaviour
Short-term memory problems
Vision problems
Loss of coordination and balance
```
61
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
Breaks down the clot causing the stroke
62
Constraint-induced movement therapy
Stroke patients experience learned non-use of the affected limbs
Constraint-induced therapy binds the intact limb, forcing the patient to use the affected limb
63
Corpus Callosum
Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
64
Brain Stem
1. The hindbrain
- cerebellum
- reticular formation
- medulla
- pons
2. The midbrain
- inferior colliculus
- tectum
- superior colliculus
- tagmentum
3. The diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
65
Forebrain
```
-Mediates behaviour
Cerebral cortex
Subcortical structures
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
```
66
Cerebellum
Control of complex movements
Size varies as a function of the physical speed and dexterity of a species
-hindbrain
67
Reticular formation
Responsible for stimulating the forebrain, arousal, sleep/wake behaviour
-hindbrain
68
Medulla
```
Controls breathing (this is why a blow to the base of the skull can be extremely dangerous)
-Hindbrain
```
69
Pons
Receives input from the cerebellum and transmits it to the rest of the brain
-Hindbrain
70
Midbrain
- Tectum (roof, located dorsally)
- Superior colliculus receives input from the optic nerve (vision)
- Inferior colliculus receives input from auditory pathways
- Tegmentum (floor, located ventrally) - Nuclei responsible for movement
71
Diencephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
| Top of the brainstem, responsible for integrating sensory and motor information on its way to the cortex
72
Thalamus
Sensory information is input to the thalamus and relayed to the appropriate areas in the cortex
-Part of Diencephalon
73
Hypothalamus
Controls hormone production via interaction with the pituitary gland (the master gland)
--Part of Diencephalon
74
Basal Ganglia
Controls and coordinates voluntary movement
| Forebrain
75
Limbic System
Involved in memory, spatial navigation (hippocampus), emotion, and motivation (amygdala)
- Part of Forebrain
- cingulate cortex
76
Amygdala
Emotional memory and processing
| Forebrain - limbic system
77
Hippocampus
Spatial navigation
Episodic memory
Forebrain - limbic system
78
Neocortex
| Cerebral Cortex
The stuff you can see from the outside of the brain
Unique to mammals
```
Sensory input (afferent)
Layer 4
Information integration
Layers 1-3
Output (efferent) info
Layer 5-6
```
79
Allocortex
| Cerebral Cortex
Outside of the brain towards the bottom
| also found in birds and reptiles
80
Principles of the Nervous System
Brain systems are organized hierarchically and in parallel
Made up of subsystems and parallel pathways that can process info independently
Brain functions are localized and distributed
Brain regions are involved in specific functions but the control of function may be distributed throughout that region
The nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
For a behaviour to occur, some neurons need to be activated while others need to be inactivated/silenced
Many brain circuits are crossed
Left hemisphere receives info from and controls movement of right side of body and vice versa
Neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
Experience changes the brain
81
Semi-permeable Cell Membrane
Phospholipids
| only select substances can pass through the membrane
82
Nucleus
Blueprints for protein production are kept (genes)
83
genes
segments of DNA that encode the synthesis of particular proteins
84
Primary structure
length of amino acid chains
85
Secondary structure
polypeptide chains tend to twist and pleat
86
Tertiary structure
these structures tend to fold…
87
Quaternary structure
may combine with other proteins to form more complex proteins still
88
Transcription
Early phase of protein synthesis in which the DNA strands unwind and a complementary strand of messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid) is created
89
Translation
Later phase of protein synthesis in which the messenger RNA (mRNA) travels from nucleus to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
90
Endoplasmic Reticulum
structure just outside the nucleus that contains ribosomes
91
Ribosomes
protein structures that act as catalysts for protein synthesis
mRNA is translated by the ribosome into a particular sequence of amino acids to form a protein
92
Codon
Sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid
93
Golgi Bodies
Package proteins in membranes (vesicles) and give them a “label” indicating where they are to go
94
Microtubules
Transport the vesicles to where they need to go (within the cell or outs)
95
Glial Cells
```
Support cells within the nervous system
Holding neurons in place
Supply nutrients to neurons
Act as insulation around axons - myelin
Remove pathogens and dead neurons
```
96
Ependymal Cells
Small, ovoid cells, found in the walls of the ventricles
| Make and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
97
Astrocytes
Responsible for providing structural support for neurons
Transports substances between neurons and capillaries
Scar tissue formation, sealing of the damaged area, promoting healing
Dilate blood vessels to provide more blood
98
Blood-brain barrier
Protective barrier formed by astrocytes in combination with blood vessels
Prevents toxins, etc. from entering the brain
Also prevents useful substances from getting through
99
Microglia
Originate in the blood as offshoot of the immune system
After damage, microglia invade the area providing growth factors and cleaning up the mess
The removal of debris occurs through phagocytosis
100
Oligodendroglia
Glial cell in the central nervous system that myelinates axons
Myelin: the glial coating that surrounds axons, providing insulation
101
Schwann cells
Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that myelinates axons
102
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Central nervous system disorder that results from the loss of myelin around axons
103
Autoimmune disease
illness resulting from an abnormal immune response by the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body
104
Camillo Golgi
Believed that the nervous system is composed of a network of interconnected fibers: a “nerve net”
105
Golgi-Stain
infiltrates the entire cell (in a subset of cells) to show the anatomy of the cell
106
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
Believed that the nervous system is made of discrete cells
| “Neuron Hypothesis” – neurons are the units of brain function
