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Brain & Behaviour > Midterm 1 Review > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Mentalism

A

Believed the brain cooled the blood & had no role in producing behaviour, This view championed by Aristotle

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2
Q

Dualism

A

This idea was championed by René Descartes
He believed that both a nonmaterial mind & the material body contribute to behaviour
Mind regulates behaviour by directions the flow of ventricular fluid to the muscles via the pineal gland

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3
Q

Materialism

A

Supported by the evolutionary theories of Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection, Survival of the fittest

Behaviour can be fully explained by the workings of the NS, w/o explanatory recourse to an immaterial mind

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4
Q

Psyche

A

Synonym for mind; an entity once proposed to be the source of human behaviour

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5
Q

Mind-body problem

A

How can a nonmaterial mind interact with a material body?

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6
Q

Behavioural neuroscience

A

Study of the biological basis of behaviour in humans and other animals

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7
Q

Between-subjects

A

control group (do not receive manipulation) vs experimental group (receive manipulation)

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8
Q

Within-subjects

A

baseline (before manipulation) vs response (after manipulation)

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9
Q

Correlations

A

look at how 2 variables change in relation to each other

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10
Q

Somatic interventions

A

manipulate the body and look at the effects on behaviour

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11
Q

Behavioural interventions

A

manipulate behaviour/experience and look for effects on the body/brain

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12
Q

Epigenetics

A

examines the differences in gene expression related to environment and experience

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13
Q

Stains

A

bind to specific proteins to localize them for different types of cells (based on proteins) or for full cells (ex. Golgi)

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14
Q

Assays

A

bind to specific proteins to allow for measurement (not location)

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15
Q

Microdialysis

A

determine what proteins are present in a given brain region

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16
Q

Microelectrodes for measuring

A

can record the activity of a single cell

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17
Q

Cerebral voltammetry

A

measure changes in specific proteins in a given brain region

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18
Q

Tract tracing

A

injecting certain chemicals allows for the “mapping” of connections between cells/nuclei/structures

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19
Q

Anatomical imaging

A

Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

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20
Q

Functional imaging

A 
Functional MRI (fMRI) 
Positron emission tomography (PET)
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21
Q

Measuring electrical activity

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

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22
Q

Optogenetics

A

Using protein channels sensitive to light to turn on or shut off activity

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23
Q

Chemogenetics

A

Using protein channels sensitive to designer drugs to turn on or shut off activity

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24
Q

Microelectrodes for stimulating

A

can manipulate a cell by stimulating it

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25
Q

Lesions

A

remove part of the brain to determine what it is involved in based on what changes

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26
Q

Stimulation

A

Activate multiple cells:

  • With microelectrodes
  • With deep brain stimulation (DBS)
  • With transcranial stimulation (TMS)
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27
Q

Drugs

A

injecting into a specific region can affect how that region functions

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28
Q

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral

A

same side vs opposite side

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29
Q

Proximal vs Distal

A

near the trunk/midline vs far; toward end of limb

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30
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral

A

above, top vs below, bottom

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31
Q

Medial vs Lateral

A

midline, inward from vs side, outward from

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32
Q

Anterior vs Posterior

A

front, forwards of vs back, behind

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33
Q

Afferent vs Efferent

A

Afferent - sensory info arriving at CNS

Efferent - motor info exiting CNS

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34
Q

Planes of the brain

A

Coronal / Frontal
Horizontal / Transverse
Sagittal

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35
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A
  • Main Function: Transmitting information
  • Cranial nerves by the brain
  • Spinal nerves by the spinal cord segments
  • Sensory input, motor control, modulation of sensation and facial movement

Afferent functions
Sensory input from eyes, ears, mouth and nose
Efferent functions
Motor control of the facial muscles, tongue and eyes
Both afferent and efferent functions
Modulation of sensation and movement in the face

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36
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight) vs Parasympathetic (rest & digest)

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37
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

A
  • Controls digestion, bowel motility, blood flow, etc.

- ENS sends info to the brain and can influence the mental state (Stress, Anxiety)

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38
Q

Law of Bell and Magendie

A

Dorsal fibres are afferent
–> They carry information from the body’s sensory receptors
Ventral fibres are efferent
–> They carry information from the spinal cord to muscles

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39
Q

Dermatomes

A

The segments of our bodies (dermatomes) correspond to segments of the spinal cord
Each dermatome has a sensory nerve and a motor nerve associated with it

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40
Q

The meninges

A

Three layers of protective tissue (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

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41
Q

Dura mater

A

The tough outer layer of fibrous tissue

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42
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

A thin sheet of delicate connective tissue

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43
Q

Pia mater

A

The moderately tough inner layer that clings to the brain’s surface

44
Q

The subarachnoid space

A

The space just below the Arachnoid layer that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

45
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

made up of salts (sodium, potassium, etc.) in a solution

46
Q

Buoyancy (CSF)

A

helps to keep the brain “afloat”; the weight of the unsuspended brain would damage the neurons on the ventral surface

47
Q

Protection (CSF)

A

protects the brain from injury (to a certain extent)

48
Q

Chemical stability (CSF)

A

removes waste products associated with metabolic activity

49
Q

Prevention of ischemia (low blood flow) (CSF)

A

controls blood pressure in the brain

50
Q

Ventricles

A

Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - 4 ventricles (two Lateral)

51
Q

Major Arteries for Cerebrum

A
  1. Anterior cerebral artery
  2. Middle cerebral artery
  3. Posterior cerebral artery
52
Q

Grey Matter

A

Neuron cell bodies

Glial cells

53
Q

White Matter

A

Fibres/axons

54
Q

Tracts

A

Several axons together within the CNS

55
Q

Nerves

A

Several axons together outside the CNS

56
Q

Concussion

A

mild traumatic brain injury (TBI)

57
Q

Coup vs Countercoup

A

We call damage at the site of impact the coup

Damage opposite to the site of impact is called the countercoup

58
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

block blood vessel; more common; less severe

59
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

burst blood vessel; more severe; fortunately less common

60
Q

Stroke Symptoms

A 
Weakness on the contralateral side of the body 
Slowed behaviour 
Short-term memory problems 
Vision problems 
Loss of coordination and balance
61
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

A

Breaks down the clot causing the stroke

62
Q

Constraint-induced movement therapy

A

Stroke patients experience learned non-use of the affected limbs
Constraint-induced therapy binds the intact limb, forcing the patient to use the affected limb

63
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

64
Q

Brain Stem

A
  1. The hindbrain
    • cerebellum
    • reticular formation
    • medulla
    • pons
  2. The midbrain
    • inferior colliculus
    • tectum
    • superior colliculus
    • tagmentum
  3. The diencephalon
    • thalamus
    • hypothalamus
65
Q

Forebrain

A 
-Mediates behaviour
Cerebral cortex 
Subcortical structures 
Basal ganglia 
Limbic system
66
Q

Cerebellum

A

Control of complex movements
Size varies as a function of the physical speed and dexterity of a species
-hindbrain

67
Q

Reticular formation

A

Responsible for stimulating the forebrain, arousal, sleep/wake behaviour
-hindbrain

68
Q

Medulla

A 
Controls breathing (this is why a blow to the base of the skull can be extremely dangerous)
-Hindbrain
69
Q

Pons

A

Receives input from the cerebellum and transmits it to the rest of the brain
-Hindbrain

70
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Tectum (roof, located dorsally)
  • Superior colliculus receives input from the optic nerve (vision)
  • Inferior colliculus receives input from auditory pathways
  • Tegmentum (floor, located ventrally) - Nuclei responsible for movement
71
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Top of the brainstem, responsible for integrating sensory and motor information on its way to the cortex

72
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory information is input to the thalamus and relayed to the appropriate areas in the cortex
-Part of Diencephalon

73
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls hormone production via interaction with the pituitary gland (the master gland)
–Part of Diencephalon

74
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Controls and coordinates voluntary movement

Forebrain

75
Q

Limbic System

A

Involved in memory, spatial navigation (hippocampus), emotion, and motivation (amygdala)

  • Part of Forebrain
  • cingulate cortex
76
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional memory and processing

Forebrain - limbic system

77
Q

Hippocampus

A

Spatial navigation
Episodic memory

Forebrain - limbic system

78
Q

Neocortex

Cerebral Cortex

A

The stuff you can see from the outside of the brain
Unique to mammals

Sensory input (afferent) 
Layer 4
Information integration 
Layers 1-3 
Output (efferent) info 
Layer 5-6
79
Q

Allocortex

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outside of the brain towards the bottom

also found in birds and reptiles

80
Q

Principles of the Nervous System

A

Brain systems are organized hierarchically and in parallel
Made up of subsystems and parallel pathways that can process info independently
Brain functions are localized and distributed
Brain regions are involved in specific functions but the control of function may be distributed throughout that region
The nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
For a behaviour to occur, some neurons need to be activated while others need to be inactivated/silenced
Many brain circuits are crossed
Left hemisphere receives info from and controls movement of right side of body and vice versa
Neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
Experience changes the brain

81
Q

Semi-permeable Cell Membrane

A

Phospholipids

only select substances can pass through the membrane

82
Q

Nucleus

A

Blueprints for protein production are kept (genes)

83
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA that encode the synthesis of particular proteins

84
Q

Primary structure

A

length of amino acid chains

85
Q

Secondary structure

A

polypeptide chains tend to twist and pleat

86
Q

Tertiary structure

A

these structures tend to fold…

87
Q

Quaternary structure

A

may combine with other proteins to form more complex proteins still

88
Q

Transcription

A

Early phase of protein synthesis in which the DNA strands unwind and a complementary strand of messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid) is created

89
Q

Translation

A

Later phase of protein synthesis in which the messenger RNA (mRNA) travels from nucleus to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

90
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

structure just outside the nucleus that contains ribosomes

91
Q

Ribosomes

A

protein structures that act as catalysts for protein synthesis
mRNA is translated by the ribosome into a particular sequence of amino acids to form a protein

92
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid

93
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Package proteins in membranes (vesicles) and give them a “label” indicating where they are to go

94
Q

Microtubules

A

Transport the vesicles to where they need to go (within the cell or outs)

95
Q

Glial Cells

A 
Support cells within the nervous system 
Holding neurons in place 
Supply nutrients to neurons 
Act as insulation around axons - myelin  
Remove pathogens and dead neurons
96
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Small, ovoid cells, found in the walls of the ventricles

Make and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

97
Q

Astrocytes

A

Responsible for providing structural support for neurons
Transports substances between neurons and capillaries
Scar tissue formation, sealing of the damaged area, promoting healing
Dilate blood vessels to provide more blood

98
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Protective barrier formed by astrocytes in combination with blood vessels
Prevents toxins, etc. from entering the brain
Also prevents useful substances from getting through

99
Q

Microglia

A

Originate in the blood as offshoot of the immune system
After damage, microglia invade the area providing growth factors and cleaning up the mess
The removal of debris occurs through phagocytosis

100
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Glial cell in the central nervous system that myelinates axons
Myelin: the glial coating that surrounds axons, providing insulation

101
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that myelinates axons

102
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

Central nervous system disorder that results from the loss of myelin around axons

103
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

illness resulting from an abnormal immune response by the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body

104
Q

Camillo Golgi

A

Believed that the nervous system is composed of a network of interconnected fibers: a “nerve net”

105
Q

Golgi-Stain

A

infiltrates the entire cell (in a subset of cells) to show the anatomy of the cell

106
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

Believed that the nervous system is made of discrete cells

“Neuron Hypothesis” – neurons are the units of brain function

Brain & Behaviour (3 decks)

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