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Physiology > Midterm 1: Membrane Dynamics > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Membrane Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Compartments in the context of structure and function

A

The body has three fluid compartments.

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2
Q

The three types of compartments a body has

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF) plasma (liquid and blood)
And interstitial fluid

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3
Q

What is a concentration gradient in what purpose does it serve?

A

serves as an energy source, driving movement, and usually when there’s a higher and lower concentration around the cell.

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4
Q

Why does transportation of solutes occur between compartments?

A

For exchange of things like O2, CO2, and glucose

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5
Q

What barriers separates ICF and ECF?

A

Plasma membrane of cells

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6
Q

What does it mean for something to be selectively permeable?

A

Ions are able to pass between intracellular and extracellular fluids by getting through a plasma membrane.

Selective is when it lets some through but not others.

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7
Q

What solutes are at higher concentration outside the cell (extra cellular fluid)

A

Na, and Cl high (salty 🍌), K is low

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8
Q

Which solute is at high concentrations inside cell (intracellular fluid)

A

High in K and low in Cl and Na
Salty 🍌!!!

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9
Q

Permeable

A

Permeate through

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10
Q

Impermeable

A

Doesn’t hold ability to permeate through things. Luke is being a good example of this.

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11
Q

If a membrane is impermeable or a substance is not able to permeate the membrane what does this mean?

A

The substance will need assistance to cross the membrane in some form

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12
Q

What are the types of cellular transport?

A

Unassisted:
-simple diffusion
Assisted:
-protein mediated(passive or active) via channel protein, carrier protein
-Vesicular

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13
Q

What are the two requirements that something being transported depends on?

A

Physical requirements- properties of molecules
Energy requirements -direction you’re moving it

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14
Q

What are the physical requirements of transportation?

A

Size: rate limiting
Lipid solubility :
-lipophilic/ hydrophobic (non polar)
-lipophobic/ hydrophilic (polar)

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15
Q

What does it mean for something to be lipophilic?

A

It loves fat, hydrophobic, nonpolar, and simple diffusion

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16
Q

What does it mean for something to have lipophobic properties?

A

It does not like fat, it’s hydrophilic, and its polar making it impermeable

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17
Q

What are the types of energy requirements for transportation?

A

It’s either passive (high to low) or active (low to high)

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18
Q

What is the type of assistance given to an energy requirement that is active

A

It uses ATP directly or indirectly, because it’s working against its gradient

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19
Q

What is required for something to be a passive energy requirement?

A

Concentration- The concentration of uncharged molecules
Electro chemical- charged (ions)

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20
Q

What kind of transport is vesicular transport, and what molecules are often involved with it?

A

A type of active transport used with very large molecules, such as iron or antibodies

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21
Q

For simple diffusion, which uses a concentration gradient, what kind of molecules would take this path?

A

Nonpolar molecules going from high to low concentration.
Examples, being gases, lipids, and steroids

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22
Q

What is an example of protein mediated transportation, which can be active or passive?

A

Small polar molecules, such as ions glucose amino acid in water this can be facilitated with a channel protein, a carrier proteins, such as Na and K

23
Q

What law address is the factors that affect the rate of simple diffusion?

A

Using Fick’s law we can relate the rate of simple diffusion through a membrane.

24
Q

What six factors does Fick’s a law mention affect simple diffusion?

A

Lipid solubility
Molecular size
Concentration gradient
Membrane surface area
Composition of lipid layer
Distance traveled

25
Q

What factors affect membrane permeability?

A

The equation being lipid solubility, over molecular size, will give the changing composition of lipid layer in increasing or decreasing permeability

26
Q

How can we transport polar molecules?

A

Through facilitated diffusion, which uses a concentration gradient

27
Q

One way that we can transport polar molecules through?

A

channel proteins which allow ions in the water to flow, water filled, pores directly linking compartments

28
Q

What are the types of channel proteins used in passive transport via facilitated diffusion?

A

Leakage (open)
Gated (regulated)

29
Q

What three types of gated regulated channel proteins are there?

A

Chemically gated- binding
Mechanically gated- tugging (muscle)
Voltage gated- change in charge inside membrane

30
Q

Channel proteins can only participate in facilitated diffusion the type of passive transport, why?

A

Because it’s just open. The only thing they can do is guide the number of doors or the type.

31
Q

Form of transportation, other than channel proteins? And what are the benefits of this type?

A

Carrier proteins:
-can change confirmation
-Slower, but can move larger molecules
-binding sites for the transport of molecules
-Rate depends on gradient and number of carriers

32
Q

What does it mean for a carrier protein to change confirmation?

A

There is never a direct connection between the ICF and ECF

33
Q

What does it mean for a carrier proteins to be able to move slightly larger molecules?

A
  • uniporter
  • Co-transporter: symporter (same) or antiporter( diff. Molecules)

Ex: glucose and amino acids

34
Q

What are the different binding sites for carrier proteins?

A

They display specificity, competition and saturation meaning the exhibit properties specific to those molecules

Example glucoside only bond to glucose or compete

35
Q

Carrier proteins change shape to move molecules, which allows for them to mediate active or process of transport, true or false

A

True slightly larger things then water or ions, such as glucose and amino acids can go through the process of facilitated diffusion

36
Q

What’s another way that carrier proteins change shape to move molecules?

A

Through active transport, which utilizes ATP resulting in either a primary or secondary active transport

37
Q

What is a primary active transport?

A

Carrier proteins that bind ATP directly and use stored energy

Example: Na/K (has a separate finding site for both) , still participating in the concentration gradient.

38
Q

How is secondary active transport, different from primary within carrier proteins?

A

Secondary uses stored energy in the concentration gradient, using a TP to move some thing else against a concentration gradient, kind of like a water wheel, indirect

Example : Na/ glucose-linked transport

39
Q

Vesicular Transport occurs when ?

A

Molecule needs to cross the membrane but is too big causing it to undergo endocytosis or exocytosis

40
Q

What is endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Endo: Selective receptor mediated in Exo: cell, ongoing (constitutive) regulated( usually Ca++) protein door channel.
* Uses motor molecules: myosin, lines in, or dynein) and ATP

41
Q

What is required for Water movement?

A

Aquaporins (“water channels”) allow for easier access across the lipid bilayer.
-rapid movement (passive-facilitated diffusion)

Kidneys do this frequently! To reabsorb water

42
Q

Osmosis?

A

Water moving across membrane due to differences in solute concentration—> equalize concentrations

43
Q

What are the two acceptable solute concentrations units

A

Osmolarity- osmoles sol/ L (mOsM)/L
Osmolality- osmoles sol/ kg H2O

Terms: 1 Liter H2O weighs 1kg

44
Q

Useful for comparing two solutions

A

Isosmotic: equal number of solute to unit
Hyperosmotic: more particles/ unit volume
Hyposmotic: fewer particles/ unit volume

45
Q

Tonicity

A

Compares solution to cell & predicts H2O movement in and out of cell

46
Q

Why can’t osmolarity sufficiently determine wether something will occur across a cell?

A

It doesn’t account for membrane permeability to solute

47
Q

Tonicity (no units)

A

Compares solution to cell/ predicts H2O movement into/ out of cells

  • dependent on concentration of non penetrating solutes
48
Q

What would occur with a hyperosmotic solution due to penetrating solute?

A

Solute would diffuse out to equalize solute concentration

49
Q

What would occur with a hyperosmotic solution due to non penetrating solute?

A

Water flows to equalize osmolarity (swell)

50
Q

tonicity predicts water movement, but what else does it do?

A

Volume change of cell placed in solution with non penetrating solute
* movement of penetrating solv. Doesn’t cause volume change*

51
Q

What happens when solution is isotonic to cell

A

Cell doesn’t change size

52
Q

What would happen if solution was hypotonic to cell?

A

Cell swells

53
Q

What happens when solution is hypertonic to cell

A

Cell shrinks

54
Q

Only movement of water with non penetrating solutes leads to volume changes T or F

A

T
Movement of penetrating solutes does not cause volume changes

Physiology (4 decks)

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