Midterm 1: Intro to Phys and Homeostasis

Question 1

What is the study of physiology?

Answer 1

The study of molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, and populations of one species. (Function of the body)

Question 2

What make’s something Teleological?

Answer 2

Understanding the function of why something needs to be done, or why a system exist for a certain purpose.

Q) why does hr increase during exercise?
A) to increase blood flow to muscle trying to work.

Nail Clippers ex

Question 3

What makes something mechanistic?

Answer 3

Studying how something does it’s function, how the physiological events happen, the response.

Q) How does heart rate increase during exercise?
A) Observed is an increased sympathetic nervous system and decreased parasympathetic nervous system output to the pacemaker cells of the heart

Question 4

Four themes of physiology

Answer 4

1. Structure & function closely related:
   Compartmentation
   Molecular Interactions
2. Living organisms need energy
3. Info flow coordinates body functions
4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

Maintaining internal stability that if not achieved can lead to dysfunction, disease and death, the study of pathophysiology (disease)

Question 6

What would some examples of homeostasis be?

Answer 6

Heart rate increasing-> O2 CO2 exchange
Hunger ->
Getting hot
Feeling thirsty
Increase in respiration rate

Question 7

How might the body monitor its internal state?

Answer 7

By keeping regulated variables within a desired range of setpoint

Question 8

What’s an example of a regulated variable?

Answer 8

Body temperature with the setpoint of 98.6.

Question 9

What might be required by the control system to regulate a variable?

Answer 9

-A sensor/sensory receptors
-Integrating center/integrator this (often being a neuron or endocrine type cell)
-Target (effector)

Question 10

What are the different control strategies?

Answer 10

Feed forward
Feedback

Question 11

In what situation is a feedback control strategy needed?

Answer 11

In response to change (extreme in high or low)

• can be negative (restorative)
• can be positive (enhancement)

Question 12

Tissue Types

Answer 12

1. Neural
2. Muscle
3. Epithelial
4. Connective

Question 13

Structures tissues have

Answer 13

1.Plasma membrane
2.Cytoplasm/ cytosol
3.Organelles
4.Cell junctions

Question 14

Why do red blood cells transport O2? What is the teleological explanation?

Answer 14

Because red blood cells of the body need O2 for metabolism

Question 15

Why do red blood cells (RBC) transport oxygen? What is the mechanistic explanation(s)

Answer 15

Because RBC’s have hemoglobin that contains heme units that bind to O2

Because the heart creates a pressure gradient that force’s blood and RBC’s through the cardiovascular system.

Question 16

Homeostatic Regulated Pathway

Answer 16

Stimulus-> Sensory -> Input Signal -> integrating center -> output signal-> Target-> Response

Question 17

Sensory in the homeostatic regulated pathway is

Answer 17

Constantly monitoring and reporting on regulated variables

Question 18

Stimulus in homeostatic regulated pathway ?

Answer 18

Regulated variable deviates from set point

Question 19

Integrating center in hemostatic regulated pathway?

Answer 19

Evaluates all inputs and send instructions

Question 20

Main difference between teleological and mechanistic?

Answer 20

Why vs How

Question 21

What is the target of meaning in hemostatic pathways?

Answer 21

Something that brings about a physiological response best referred to as a effector

Ex: an organ, liver for diabetics

Question 22

Central receptors

Answer 22

Involve the brain or structures that are close to it. These being the ears, eyes, nose, tongue.

Question 23

Peripheral receptors

Answer 23

Anything outside the brain

1.Chemoreceptors
2.Osmoreceptors
3.Thermoreceptors
4.Baroreceptors
5.Proprioceptor
6.Mechanoreceptors

Question 24

Chemoreceptors

Answer 24

(Chemicals, gases, pH)

Question 25

Osmoreceptor

Answer 25

Osmolarity of body fluids

Question 26

Thermoreceptors

Answer 26

Temperature

Question 27

Baroreceptor

Answer 27

Senses pressure

Question 28

Proprioceptor

Answer 28

Body position

Question 29

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 29

Pain, vibration, touch

Question 30

Feedforward

Answer 30

Occurs in anticipation of change
ex: insulin

Question 31

Feedback

Answer 31

Occurs in response to change
ex: levels in the body

Question 32

Types of Feedback

Answer 32

Negative: restore too high put back to baseline * most common
Positive: enhancing; ex: too low becomes lower

Question 33

Homeostatic dysregulation and it’s common solutions

Answer 33

-The body can’t maintain homeostasis
-External monitoring/regulation like medication or monitoring of blood glucose

Question 34

Three types of biological work

Answer 34

Chemical, mechanical and transport

Question 35

Chemical biological work

Answer 35

Making/ breaking chemical bonds
Ex: ADP-> ATP
or glucose—> pyruvate

Question 36

Mechanical biological work

Answer 36

Moves things usually involving motor proteins using things like myosin etc.

Question 37

Transport as biological work

Answer 37

Move things across membrane cellular barrier, this being a large focus of the class

Question 38

Energy provides the capacity and ability to perform work via…

Answer 38

Kinetic ( pushing the ball up the hill ) and potential energy (stored energy ball is in place)

Question 39

Potential energy relies on what ?

Answer 39

Chemical bonds: ATP, glycogen, adipose)
Gradients: concentration, electrical, pressure

Question 40

Concentration gradient

Answer 40

Low to high or high to low

Question 41

Electrical gradient

Answer 41

Positive to negative, attract, or same repulse

Question 42

pressure gradient

Answer 42

Pressure that allows things to be dispersed to the rest of the body