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MICR 338 > Midterm #1 material > Flashcards

Midterm #1 material Flashcards

1
Q

What is an auxotroph

A

Unable to create all of its own nutrients from elemental substrates

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2
Q

What frequency does spontaneous mutants happen in?

A

10^-10 to 10^-9 for any phenotype

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3
Q

What makes mutants independent strains?

A

If one isolates a single mutant colony from each culture

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4
Q

What constitutes sibling mutant strains?

A

If one isolates more than one mutant colony from any single culture

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5
Q

What is selection?

A

Direct isolation

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6
Q

Why is selection beneficial?

A

You’re able to grow under restrictive conditions that select against the parental strain

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7
Q

In Screening, how do you transfer cells from mutant colonies?

A

Patching, replica plating to a variety of other media

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8
Q

What are the conditions for Screening?

A

Non-selective, permissive

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9
Q

What are the compounds required for biosynthesis that auxotrophic mutants cannot synthesize?

A

Amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins

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10
Q

What type of mutants are auxotrophs? What is the result of their characteristic?

A
  • Biosynthetic/anabolic mutants
  • Will fail to grow on minimal media regardless of carbon source
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11
Q

What are Catabolic mutants unable to do?

A

Break-down compounds supplied as a source of carbon/energy

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12
Q

What can you deduce from the appearance of auxotrophic phenotypes?

A

The mutagenesis was successful

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13
Q

How do you calculate transposition frequency?

A

Divide mutants/ml by recipients/ml

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14
Q

How do you increase mutation rate because the spontaneous mutation rate is too low?

A

Add mutagenic agent like chemical (EMS, NTG) or physical (UV)

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15
Q

How do you optimize probability of isolating desired mutants?

A

Following a chemical or physical mutagenesis procedure with an Enrichment step

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16
Q

What type of synthesis does penicillin-type antibiotics interfere with?

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What do Penicillin only kill?

A

Actively growing/dividing cells

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18
Q

What do Penicillin not kill?

A

Non-growing cells

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19
Q

What does Penicillin do to mutants under restrictive conditions?

A

Kill them

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20
Q

What do nutrients released from killed cells allow?

A

Mutants to grow under restrictive conditions and be killed by penicillin

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21
Q

Where can Penicillin enrichment only be done?

A

On liquid tubes not solid plates

22
Q

What is Auxanography?

A

A way to identify nutrient requirement of auxotrophic

23
Q

What is an auxotroph?

A

Strains that fail to grow because a nutrient they are unable to biosynthesize is missing from a medium

24
Q

What are prototrophs?

A

Are able to biosynthesize all nutrients from C, N, P

25
Q

What do mutations in any of the lac genes characteristically result in?

A

A lactose utilization phenotype

26
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Change in the genetic code relative to the wild type or parental strain

27
Q

What are examples of a mutation?

A

Base pair changes, insertions, deletions, rearrangements

28
Q

What is a mutant?

A

An organism carrying a mutation(s)

29
Q

What is Isogenic strains?

A

Has the same genetic background and

30
Q

What are forward mutations?

A

Wild-type to mutant genotype

31
Q

What are reversion mutations?

A

Mutant to wild-type genotype

32
Q

What are Absolute Defective Mutations?

A

Same phenotype under all conditions and same phenotype in presence of other mutations

33
Q

What are Conditional mutations?

A

Phenotype depends upon conditions or presence of other mutation

34
Q

What are suppressor-sensitive mutations?

A

Mutations where the OG mutation puts a stop codon where a stop codon shouldn’t be

35
Q

What are specific examples of nonsense mutations?

A

Amber (Am), Opal (Op), and Ochre (Oc)

36
Q

What does Temperature Sensitive mean?

A

Mutant phenotype at restrictive temperature

37
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

Insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not a multiple of 3 within the translated portion of gene

38
Q

What are transitions?

A

Base change from a purine to another purine, or a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine

39
Q

What is the make up of a purine?

A

A,G: Double ring

40
Q

What is the make up of a pyrimidine?

A

T (U), C: single ring

41
Q

What are transversions?

A

Base change from purine to pyrimidine

42
Q

What is a silent mutations?

A

Mutated codon encodes the same amino acid as the wild-type codon

43
Q

What are Neutral mutations?

A

Mutated codon encodes a different but functionally-similar amino acid

44
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Mutated codon encodes a different amino acid

45
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Mutated codon is a translational stop signal

46
Q

How many start codons are there?

A

6

47
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

3

48
Q

What are the examples of start codons?

A

AUG (methionine), GUG (Valine), UUG (Leucine)

49
Q

What are the codons for the Ribosomal Binding site?

A

AGGA

50
Q

What do wobble allows for?

A

tRNAs to insert an amino acid into a growing peptide chain

51
Q

What is intragenic suppression?

A

Suppressor mutation occurring in the same gene as the first mutation

52
Q

What is extragenic suppression?

A

Suppressor mutations within a different gene

MICR 338 (3 decks)

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