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GENETICS > Midterm 1- Genetics > Flashcards

Midterm 1- Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 Major categories of cells

Somatic

A

ALL Cells other than gametes (sperm/eggs)

ex. internal organs, bones, blood

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2
Q

2 major categories of cells

Gametes

A

Sperm and eggs, reproductive cells

produced through meiosis

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3
Q

DNA

A

Double stranded molecule, contains all information to build and maintain organism

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4
Q

Genes

A

Small sections of DNA that code for a specific protein

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5
Q

What determines an organisms phenotype?

A

genes AND environment (internal or external)

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6
Q

Define Phenotype

A

Observable physical properties of an organism

morphological, physiological or behavioral

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7
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene

Arrise due to mutations

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8
Q

SNIP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Small change in ONE nucleotide

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9
Q

Mutation

A

change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA packaged into

contains hundreds/thousands of genes

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46 total

23 pairs

22 autosomes 1 sex (XY)

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12
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matched pair, inherited one from each parent

MAY carry different alleles

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13
Q

Ploidy

A

Number of each TYPE of chromosomes present in a cell

Haploid = 1, diploid = 2, polyploid = 3+

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14
Q

Haploid number

n

A

total number of chromosomes present in a gamete

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15
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Identical to eachother, on the same chromosome, formed during replication

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16
Q

Homozygous

A

Individuals that carry the SAME alleles of a gene

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17
Q

Heterogyous

A

Individuals that carry DIFFERENT alleles of a gene

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18
Q

2 types of cell division

Nuclear

A

Meiosis and Mitosis

cytokineses (cytoplasm) completes

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19
Q

What is the goal of mitosis

A

Produces 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical to eachother and the parent cell

SAME ploidy

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20
Q

What is the goal of meiosis

A

Parent cell to produce 4 daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell and eachother

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21
Q

2 Major phases

  1. Interphase
A

Longest part of life: contains G1, S phase, G2

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22
Q

2 major phases

  1. Mitosis

SOMATIC CELLS

A

4/5 stages: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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23
Q

Interphase

G1 phase (GAP)

A

Cell is performing regular functions, gets signal to start growing/duplicating and obtains energy

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24
Q

Interphase

S phase (SYNTHESIS)

A

DNA is replicated

Semi conservative DNA replication

S = sister chromatids

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25
Q

Interphase

G2 phase (GAP)

A

short phase, final preperations and checks

26
Q

Mitosis

Prophase/Prometaphase

1

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down

27
Q

Mitosis

Metaphase

2

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

M = middle

28
Q

Mitosis

Anaphase

3

A

Sister chromatids get pulled apart from eachother

A = apart

29
Q

Mitosis

Telophase

4

A

Envelop reforms and chromosomes decondense

Cytokenesis completes cell division

30
Q

Meiosis: 2 sources of genetic variation

A
  1. Crossing over and recombination (Prophase1)
  2. Independant assortment of homologous chromosomes (metaphase 1)
31
Q

When do chromosomes replicate in Meiosis

A

Interphase

S phase

32
Q

Meiosis 1:

A

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES seperate from eachother

(not chromatids)

end up haploid with replicated DNA

33
Q

Prophase 1:

Meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes come together and become tightly associated = synapsis non-sister chromatids exchange DNA = Crossing over –> recombination

4 chromatids

34
Q

Chiasma

A

Contact points between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

(Cross over points)

35
Q

Metaphase 1:

Meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes meet in the middle, assort independantly

36
Q

Anaphase 1:

Meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes seperate

A = apart

37
Q

Telophase 1/cytokenesis:

Meiosis

A

Creates two haploid cells, sister chromatids are still attached

Meiosis 1 is complete

38
Q

Meiosis 2:

A

Similar to mitosis: Sister chromatids seperate, cell is now haploid

NOT diploid like in mitosis

39
Q

Third source of genetic variation of individuals

After gametes are formed

A

Random fusion of eggs and sperm

40
Q

When can you use 2n

n = number of genes that are heterozygous

A

When genes are on different chromosomes OR if they are physically linked and crossing over can happen

41
Q

Unequal frequencie of 4 gamete genotypes

Genes are linked, crossing over DOES occur

A

Expect MORE parental, may break where recombination does not occur

always results in parental but only few result in recombinant

42
Q

Define Autosomal inheritance

Mendelian inheritance

A

The gene in question is on an autosome

NOT a sex chromosome

43
Q

How many genotypes/phenotypes are possible with a gene with 2 alleles and dominant/recessive relationship?

A

3 Genotypes: ff,Ff,FF 2 phenotypes: Black OR white

dominant allele MASKS recessive allele

44
Q

Define true/pure breeding

A

homozygous for trait in question

2 copies of the allele

45
Q

What is the 3:1 phenotypic ratio?

A

Autosomal gene with cross between two heterozygotes, two alleles with dominant/recessive relatinoship

46
Q

What is a recipricol cross?

A

Phenotypes of male and female are reversed in different crosses

SAW the same ratio, which meant AUTOSOMAL not X-linked

47
Q

What is a punnett square

A

A tool to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes when the pattern of inheritance is known

48
Q

When do you see 1:2:1 ratio?

Genes

A

Genotypic ratio of autosomal inheritance with 3:1 phenotypic ratio

1/4 RR, 2/4 Rr, 1/4 rr

49
Q

What is a dihybrid cross

A

A mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits

3:1 for each trait

50
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype (but unknown genotype) with a homozygous recessive (tester)

51
Q

When do you see a 1:1 ratio?

A

Crossing homozygous recessive (tester) with a heterozygote

1:1:1:1 for seperate genes, 1:1 for linked no crossing

Linked genes w/crossing have parental freq.

52
Q

What to look for in X linked traits?

A

A phenotypic difference between male and female offspring in either F1 or F2 generation

53
Q

Female inheritance definition

A

Inherit X from each parents, if dad has dominant allele the female will too

ONLY has recessive if inherits from BOTH parents

54
Q

Male inheritance definition

A

Female parent donates X, if they have dominant the male will too, if they have recessive the male will too

Males only need one recessive allele to be recessive

55
Q

What do you see when the MALE parent carries the dominant allele?

A

F1 females have dominant phenotype 1:1, see no difference in F2 (1:1:1:1)

56
Q

What do you see when the FEMALE parent carries the dominant allele?

A

No sex bias in F1: all dominant, F2 shows MALES 50/50 dominant phenotype and ALL females

57
Q

Define co-dominance

A

In heterozygotes: both phenotypes appear simultaneously

Red and white colored flower

58
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

The traits blend together

Pink flowers

59
Q

How many genotpes and phenotypes can be produced in co/incomplete dominance?

A

3 genotypes and 3 phenotypes

DONT use upper lower case

60
Q

When do you see a 1:2:1 ratio?

A

Crossing 2 heterozygotes with an incomplete or co-dominant relationship

3 phenotypes

GENETICS (4 decks)

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