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GENETICS > Midterm 1- Genetics > Flashcards

Midterm 1- Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

2 Major categories of cells

Somatic

A

ALL Cells other than gametes (sperm/eggs)

ex. internal organs, bones, blood

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2
Q

2 major categories of cells

Gametes

A

Sperm and eggs, reproductive cells

produced through meiosis

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3
Q

DNA

A

Double stranded molecule, contains all information to build and maintain organism

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4
Q

Genes

A

Small sections of DNA that code for a specific protein

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5
Q

What determines an organisms phenotype?

A

genes AND environment (internal or external)

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6
Q

Define Phenotype

A

Observable physical properties of an organism

morphological, physiological or behavioral

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7
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene

Arrise due to mutations

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8
Q

SNIP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Small change in ONE nucleotide

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9
Q

Mutation

A

change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA packaged into

contains hundreds/thousands of genes

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46 total

23 pairs

22 autosomes 1 sex (XY)

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12
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matched pair, inherited one from each parent

MAY carry different alleles

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13
Q

Ploidy

A

Number of each TYPE of chromosomes present in a cell

Haploid = 1, diploid = 2, polyploid = 3+

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14
Q

Haploid number

n

A

total number of chromosomes present in a gamete

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15
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Identical to eachother, on the same chromosome, formed during replication

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16
Q

Homozygous

A

Individuals that carry the SAME alleles of a gene

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17
Q

Heterogyous

A

Individuals that carry DIFFERENT alleles of a gene

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18
Q

2 types of cell division

Nuclear

A

Meiosis and Mitosis

cytokineses (cytoplasm) completes

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19
Q

What is the goal of mitosis

A

Produces 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical to eachother and the parent cell

SAME ploidy

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20
Q

What is the goal of meiosis

A

Parent cell to produce 4 daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell and eachother

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21
Q

2 Major phases

  1. Interphase
A

Longest part of life: contains G1, S phase, G2

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22
Q

2 major phases

  1. Mitosis

SOMATIC CELLS

A

4/5 stages: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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23
Q

Interphase

G1 phase (GAP)

A

Cell is performing regular functions, gets signal to start growing/duplicating and obtains energy

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24
Q

Interphase

S phase (SYNTHESIS)

A

DNA is replicated

Semi conservative DNA replication

S = sister chromatids

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25
# Interphase G2 phase (GAP)
short phase, final preperations and checks
26
# Mitosis Prophase/Prometaphase | 1
Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down
27
# Mitosis Metaphase | 2
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell | M = middle
28
# Mitosis Anaphase | 3
Sister chromatids get pulled apart from eachother | A = apart
29
# Mitosis Telophase | 4
Envelop reforms and chromosomes decondense | Cytokenesis completes cell division
30
Meiosis: 2 sources of genetic variation
1. Crossing over and recombination **(Prophase1)** 2. Independant assortment of homologous chromosomes **(metaphase 1)**
31
When do chromosomes replicate in Meiosis
Interphase | S phase
32
Meiosis 1:
**HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES** seperate from eachother | (not chromatids) ## Footnote end up haploid with replicated DNA
33
Prophase 1: | Meiosis
Homologous chromosomes come together and become tightly associated = *synapsis* non-sister chromatids exchange DNA = **Crossing over --> recombination** | 4 chromatids
34
Chiasma
Contact points between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes | (Cross over points)
35
Metaphase 1: | Meiosis
**Homologous chromosomes** meet in the middle, assort independantly
36
Anaphase 1: | Meiosis
**Homologous chromosomes** seperate | A = apart
37
Telophase 1/cytokenesis: | Meiosis
Creates two haploid cells, sister chromatids are still attached | Meiosis 1 is complete
38
Meiosis 2:
Similar to mitosis: Sister chromatids seperate, cell is now haploid | NOT diploid like in mitosis
39
Third source of genetic variation of individuals | *After* gametes are formed
Random fusion of eggs and sperm
40
When can you use 2n | n = number of genes that are heterozygous
When genes are on different chromosomes OR if they are physically linked and crossing over can happen
41
Unequal frequencie of 4 gamete genotypes | Genes are linked, crossing over DOES occur
Expect MORE parental, may break where recombination does not occur | always results in parental but only few result in recombinant
42
Define Autosomal inheritance | Mendelian inheritance
The gene in question is on an autosome | NOT a sex chromosome
43
How many genotypes/phenotypes are possible with a gene with 2 alleles and dominant/recessive relationship?
3 Genotypes: ff,Ff,FF 2 phenotypes: Black OR white | dominant allele MASKS recessive allele
44
Define true/pure breeding
homozygous for trait in question | 2 copies of the allele
45
**What is the 3:1 phenotypic ratio?**
Autosomal gene with cross between two heterozygotes, two alleles with dominant/recessive relatinoship
46
What is a recipricol cross?
Phenotypes of male and female are reversed in different crosses | SAW the same ratio, which meant AUTOSOMAL not X-linked
47
What is a punnett square
A tool to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes when the pattern of inheritance is known
48
When do you see 1:2:1 ratio? | Genes
*Genotypic* ratio of autosomal inheritance with 3:1 phenotypic ratio | 1/4 RR, 2/4 Rr, 1/4 rr
49
What is a dihybrid cross
A mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits | 3:1 for each trait
50
What is a test cross?
Crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype (but unknown genotype) with a homozygous recessive (tester)
51
When do you see a 1:1 ratio?
Crossing homozygous recessive (tester) with a heterozygote | 1:1:1:1 for seperate genes, 1:1 for linked no crossing ## Footnote Linked genes w/crossing have parental freq.
52
What to look for in X linked traits?
A phenotypic difference between male and female offspring in either F1 or F2 generation
53
Female inheritance definition
Inherit X from each parents, if **dad** has dominant allele the female will too | ONLY has recessive if inherits from BOTH parents
54
Male inheritance definition
Female parent donates X, if they have dominant the male will too, if they have recessive the male will too | Males only need **one** recessive allele to be recessive
55
What do you see when the **MALE** parent carries the dominant allele?
F1 **females** have dominant phenotype 1:1, see no difference in F2 (1:1:1:1)
56
What do you see when the **FEMALE** parent carries the dominant allele?
No sex bias in F1: all dominant, F2 shows MALES 50/50 dominant phenotype and ALL females
57
Define *co-dominance*
In heterozygotes: both phenotypes appear simultaneously | Red and white colored flower
58
Define *incomplete dominance*
The traits blend together | Pink flowers
59
How many genotpes and phenotypes can be produced in co/incomplete dominance?
3 genotypes and *3 phenotypes* | DONT use upper lower case
60
When do you see a 1:2:1 ratio?
Crossing 2 heterozygotes with an incomplete or co-dominant relationship | 3 phenotypes

GENETICS (4 decks)

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