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GENETICS > Final exam- Speciation > Flashcards

Final exam- Speciation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Biological Species Concept

A

Identifies species based on whether individuals can mate with eachother and produce viable and fertile offspring

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2
Q

Biological Species Concept

Prezygotic reproductive barriers

Two categories of reproductive barriers

A

Before zygote: hinders mating/fertilizing of the egg

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3
Q

Biological Species Concept

Postzygotic reproductive barriers

Two categories of reproductive barriers

A

Hinders zygotic development/viability or fertility

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4
Q

Biological species concept

What type of barrier is Differences in mating timing of reproduction?

ex. September vs late winter

Temporal differences

A

Prezygotic: hinders the ability to mate

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5
Q

Biological Species concept

What type of barrier is habitat isolation?

ex. Apple fly vs Hawthorn berry

Microhabitat isolation

A

Prezygotic barrier: individuals rarely encounter eachother to reproduce

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6
Q

Biological species concept

What type of barrier is differences in mating rituals?

Ex. firefly dancing

Behavioral

A

Prezygotic: hinders mating ability

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7
Q

Biological species concept

What type of barrier is incompatible reproductive structures?

ex. spiked penis of beetle

Mechanical

A

Prezygotic: reproductive structures dont align and/or eggs and sperm arent compatible

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8
Q

Biological species concept

What type of barrier is hybrid sterility?

Ex. Mule (donkey x horse)

A

Postzygotic barrier

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9
Q

What are limitations for biological species concept?

A

Cant be used on fossil forms or asexual populations

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10
Q

Define Morphospecies concept

A

A group organisms that are morphologically similar to one another and morphologically distinct from other groups.

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11
Q

What is a limitation of the morphospecies concept?

A
  • Different species may look very similar
  • Individuals of the same species may look different in different life stages
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12
Q

Define Ecological Species Concept

A

Classifies organisms as the same species if they have the same ecological niche

ex. same habitat, food, predators ect.

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13
Q

What are some limitations with the ecological species concept?

A
  • Some species change their niche over time (larva vs adult)
  • Different species can share the same niche
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14
Q

Define Phylogenetic species concept

A

The smallest group of individuals descended from a
common ancestor, which form a single lineage with distinguishing synapomorphies.

Does this group represent the smallest group with synapomorphies?

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15
Q

What are some limitations for the Phylogenetic Species concept?

A

Trees require a LOT of resources to construct

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16
Q

Define Speciation

A

Evolutionary process by which new species form

- We will use BSC to define

17
Q

What are the 3 steps to speciation?

Is order important?

A
  1. Gene flow stops: All or part of population becomes genetically isolated from others
  2. Isolated populations diverge genetically due to mutations, natural selection and genetic drift acting on populations independantly
  3. Reproductive isolation: pre/post zygotic barriers evolve

YESS

18
Q

What would happen if two populations that were isolated from eachother came into contact again?

A

They would be unable to mate and/or produce viable/fertile offspring

19
Q

Define Allopatric Speciation

Two mechanisms of speciation

A

Geographic seperation of populations due to some barrier or distance

- NO gene flow between pops

Allo = other place

20
Q

Define Sympatric Speciation

Two mechanisms of speciation

A

Reproductive isolation between populations, no physical barrier

Sym = same place

21
Q

Allopatric speciation by

Vicariance

A

Physically splitting one population into two or more due to the formation of a geographic barrier

ex. river/road/glaciers

22
Q

Allopatric speciation by

Dispersal

A

A few members of a population move to a new area

= founders event (UNI-DIRECTIONAL)

23
Q

Sympatric selection by

Disruptive selection

A

Mean trait values are selected against, populations start to diverge in two different directions at the same time

Ex. Hawthorn/Apple Maggot Fly

GENETICS (4 decks)

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