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Epidemiology > Midterm 1: General Epidemiology (Topic 1-4) > Flashcards

Midterm 1: General Epidemiology (Topic 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections

A

True

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2
Q

Arthropod borne infections are direct infections

A

False (indirect)

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3
Q

Arthropod borne infections are indirect infections

A

True

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4
Q

Venereal infections are direct infections

A

True

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5
Q

Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents as it is hypoosmotic

A

False (water can be a source of indirect infection)

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6
Q

In direct infections, tissue of the infected agent become in contact with the tissues of the host

A

True

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7
Q

In the case of aerogenic infections, the agent is transmitted by air

A

True

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8
Q

Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection

A

False (indirect)

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9
Q

Infections cannot survive in the soil, so the soil cannot be a source of infection

A

False (soil is a source of indirect infection)

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10
Q

The arthropod is a true vector if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal

A

False (enters, colonises, replicates within host)

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11
Q

The arthropod is a true vector if it replicates/propagates within the host

A

True

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12
Q

The arthropod is a true vector if it can take the pathogen to a further distance

A

False

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13
Q

Infection cannot happen through water since the bacteria and viruses are inactivated in water

A

False (water is a source of indirect infection)

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14
Q

Meat is never involved in transmission of infections since fermentation of meat kills agents

A

False (animal products are a source of indirect infection)

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15
Q

Some infectious agents are transmitted with eggs

A

True

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16
Q

Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than mammals

A

True

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17
Q

Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals

A

False (rare in mammals, frequent in birds)

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18
Q

Germinative infections do not occur in mammals

A

False (occur but is rare)

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19
Q

Mammals can infect their offspring through milk

A

True

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20
Q

Newborn animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to colostral antibodies

A

False (milk is a source of vertical infection - galactogenic)

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21
Q

Intrauterine infection occurs if the foetus is infected while in the uterus of the dam

A

True

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22
Q

Vertical infection does not occur in mammals

A

False (intrauterine, galactogenic and rarely germinative)

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23
Q

Horizontal infections can only occur in birds

A

False

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24
Q

Germinative infection is frequent in mammals and will result in malformation of the foetus

A

False (rare in mammals)

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25
Q

In horizontal infection, animals of the same group infect each other

A

True

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26
Q

Intrauterine infections can occur in pregnant animals

A

True

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27
Q

Germinative infections can happen in birds

A

True

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28
Q

Galactogenic infection is a form of horizontal infection

A

False (vertical = germinative, intrauterine, galactogenic)

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29
Q

If the dam infects the newborn, we speak of horizontal infection

A

False (this is germinative - vertical = germinative, intrauterine, galactogenic)

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30
Q

Galactogen infections are spread via the milk

A

True

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31
Q

In horizontal spreading of an infection, the agent is spread between animals of similar age group

A

True

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32
Q

Horizontal infection does not occur in mammals

A

False

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33
Q

Vertical infection does not occur in mammals

A

False (vertical = galactogenic, intrauterine and rarely germinative in mammals)

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34
Q

Galactogenic infection does not occur in mammals

A

False

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35
Q

In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy

A

False (? this is intrauterine)

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36
Q

Germinative infection is rare in mammals and is a form of horizontal infection

A

False (rare in mammals but is vertical)

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37
Q

Zoonotic agents can cause infection in animals and humans

A

True

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38
Q

In cyclozoonosis, arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infection

A

False (they spread it, host maintains it)

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39
Q

If humans infect animals we speak of metazoonosis

A

False (metazoonosis requires a vertebrate and an invertebrate)

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40
Q

Cyclozoonosis requires an arthropod for transmission

A

False (arthropod begins infection, the cycle of the host transmits/maintains it)

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41
Q

In zoonosis, humans and animals can infect each other

A

True (e.g. tuberculosis can transmit human to animal)

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42
Q

In saprozoonosis, animals and humans are infected by the same source

A

True (agent can infect animals and humans from the environment e.g. Erysipelas from the soil)

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43
Q

In secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual already infected with a pathogen

A

True (e.g. respiratory infection damages mucosa and allows bacteria to culture)

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44
Q

In secondary infection, a new pathogen infects a cured animal

A

False (single infection??)

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45
Q

In secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously

A

False (mixed infection)

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46
Q

In secondary infection, one agent is always a virus

A

False (usually but not always)

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47
Q

Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors

A

True

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48
Q

Stenoxen agents have a wide host range

A

False (narrow host range, wide = euryxen)

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49
Q

Euyxen have a narrow host range

A

False (wide host range, stenoxen = narrow)

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50
Q

There is no minimum number of agents required for infection as they can replicate in the host

A

False (bacillus anthracis needs more to infect dogs than it does sheep)

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51
Q

Mutations generally result in decrease in virulence

A

True (natural spontaneous decraese)

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52
Q

Immunogenicity of different agents vary

A

True

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53
Q

Virulence can be characterised by LD50

A

True (and MLD)

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54
Q

Pathogenicity is the ability of an agent to cause disease

A

True

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55
Q

Virulence is the grade of pathogenicity

A

True

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56
Q

In optimal route of infection, the minimum amount of agent can cause disease

A

True

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57
Q

Virulence of an agent is connected to the virulent factors

A

True

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58
Q

Virulence is a stable characteristic

A

False (Can naturally decrease via mutations, can artificially decrease for vaccines, can naturally increase)

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59
Q

Route of infection can influence the outcome

A

True (tetanus does not usually cause infection if ingested but can if enters a wound)

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60
Q

Virulence can change spontaneously

A

True

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61
Q

In secondary infection, the pathogen complicated the primary infection

A

True

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62
Q

Virulence factors help the agent cause disease

A

True

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63
Q

Pathogenic variants can occur between agents

A

True

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64
Q

Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents

A

False

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65
Q

Within a pathogenic species, no avirulent strains can occur

A

False (this is how we create vaccines)

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66
Q

Foetuses can have an active immune response

A

True

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67
Q

Newborn animals can have a local immune response

A

True

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68
Q

The skin, mucous membranes are part of the non-specific resistance of the host

A

True (as well as bile and acidic pH of the stomach)

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69
Q

The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals, they cannot live without it

A

False (not harmful but also not beneficial for the host - example of commensalism)

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70
Q

Foetuses have no immune response, it appears in 2-4 week old animals

A

False

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71
Q

The age of an animal does not influence their susceptibility to a disease

A

False (some affect only young)

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72
Q

Certain medicines can decrease the protection of the host

A

True (immunosuppressives)

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73
Q

Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts

A

True (?? Not sure)

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74
Q

Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain resistant hosts

A

True

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75
Q

Animals cannot be infected with certain agents if they have species specific resistance

A

True

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76
Q

Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents

A

True

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77
Q

Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response

A

True (germinative immunity from hen)

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78
Q

Cellular immune response is important in the case of viruses

A

True (viruses do not have their own metabolism so they infect intracellularly so that they can replicate via dividing cells)

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79
Q

Gastric juice can protect hosts from pathogens

A

True (non-specific immunity)

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80
Q

From the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen

A

False

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81
Q

There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 2-4 weeks of age

A

False (mother passes on intrauterine vertical immunity)

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82
Q

Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogens

A

True (facultative pathogens require a predisposition)

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83
Q

Nutrition of the animal can influence the appearance of infection

A

True

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84
Q

Mycotoxins can be immunosuppressive

A

True

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85
Q

Overcrowding can help the spread of infection

A

True (as well as ammonia in the environment, bad stabling, poor ventilation)

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86
Q

Deserts can inhibit the spread of disease

A

True (as well as rivers, islands and mountains)

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87
Q

Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the site of entry and at the regional lymph node

A

True (exceptions like papilloma virus = skin, rotavirus = gut)

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88
Q

The lesions are at the place of entry of local infections

A

True

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89
Q

Lesions can be seen in different organs in generalised infections

A

True

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90
Q

Intrauterine immunity can lead to immunotolerance in some cases

A

True (antibodies passed to foetus before own immunity develops i.e. recognise antigens as own cells)

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91
Q

Intrauterine infection can result in embryonic death in some cases

A

True (??)

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92
Q

Intrauterine infection does not occur due to the protection of the placenta

A

False

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93
Q

Incubation time is between clinical signs and death

A

False (between infection and clinical signs)

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94
Q

Seroconversion time is between infection and clinical signs

A

False (this is incubation time. Seroconversion time is between infection and immune response - longer than incubation time)

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95
Q

Some infection agents can cause malformation of the foetus

A

True

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96
Q

Subacute diseases last for 1-2 days

A

False (acute)

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97
Q

In the case of generalised infections, the agent is usually spreading through the blood

A

True (blood and lymph nodes - viraemia, bacteraemia, septicaemia)

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98
Q

Some agents can spread along the nerves

A

True (rabies)

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99
Q

The agent does not replicate in dead hosts

A

False

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100
Q

Dead end hosts show no clinical signs, die without signs

A

False (show signs but do not pass on the agent, infection dies with them)

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101
Q

In a latent infection, the agents are continuously shed

A

False (only if triggered by a stress to manifest)

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102
Q

Latent infection occurs when the genome of the agent is integrated into the genome of the host

A

True

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103
Q

In latent infection, there is no virus shedding

A

False (spreads once manifested??)

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104
Q

Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections

A

False (abortive infection is when the host gets rid of the infection)

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105
Q

The animal does not carry the agent once recovered from an infectious disease because the immune system eliminates it

A

False

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106
Q

Tolerated infections result in a high level of immune reactions

A

False (there is no immune reaction because the body mistakes antigen as own cells)

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107
Q

Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can lead to tolerated infections

A

True

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108
Q

Infected animals have a high amount of antibodies in the case of tolerated infection

A

False (they have none)

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109
Q

The agent is not shed in inapparent infections

A

False (no clinical signs but can be manifested)

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110
Q

Dead end hosts do not shed the agent

A

True

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111
Q

Asymptomatic infections can manifest clinical signs

A

True

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112
Q

Formation of immune complexes can be a result of persistent infections

A

True

113
Q

When the clinical signs disappear, shedding of the agent finishes

A

False

114
Q

In abortive infections, no clinical signs will be seen

A

False

115
Q

In latent infections, only mild clinical signs will be seen

A

False

116
Q

Animals with tolerated infections shed the agent

A

True

117
Q

Only animals with clinical signs can shed the agent

A

False

118
Q

No clinical signs are seen in inapparent infections

A

True

119
Q

Latent infections are common in gram-positive bacteria

A

False (??)

120
Q

In inapparent infections, seropositivity can be seen

A

True (agent in the blood)

121
Q

Inapparent infections cannot be seen in laboratory examinations

A

False

122
Q

In abortive infections, the animal always aborts

A

False

123
Q

In subclinical infections, the animal can shed the agent

A

True

124
Q

Tolerated infections can be seen in serology

A

False (cannot be detected, difficult diagnosis)

125
Q

Abortive infections can be demonstrated by serology

A

True

126
Q

In a tolerated infection, the animal is seropositive

A

False

127
Q

In latent infections, no clinical signs will be seen

A

False

128
Q

Asymptomatic infections can be manifested

A

True

129
Q

Mortality is the percentage of dead animals in a herd

A

True

130
Q

Mortality shows the number of diseased animals that die

A

False (this is lethality)

131
Q

Morbidity is the percentage of dead animals in a herd

A

False (this is mortality, morbidity is the number of diseased animals in a herd)

132
Q

Lethality shows the percentage of animals that show clinical signs and die

A

True

133
Q

Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of a herd

A

False (this is mortality, prevalence is the number of existing cases of infection in a herd at one time)

134
Q

Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease

A

True

135
Q

Pandemic is the fast spread between continents

A

True

136
Q

Pandemic diseases spread fast throughout Earth

A

True

137
Q

Endemic diseases occur in smaller limited areas like farms or villages

A

True

138
Q

Pandemic cases do not tend to spread

A

False

139
Q

Epidemic cases are spread throughout larger areas, between countries

A

True

140
Q

Contagious diseases are spread from one animal to another

A

True

141
Q

Hemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents

A

False (it is indirect detection of the antibodies - serological test)

142
Q

Genome of agents is tested with PCR

A

True

143
Q

Antigens of agents can be tested with PCR

A

False (antigens tested with immunofluorescence, ELISA, electrophoresis, immunoblots, direct HA)

144
Q

Surface antigens of certain agents are detected with ELISA and PCR

A

False

145
Q

Infective agents can be detected 2-3 days after infection using serological tests

A

False

146
Q

Virus neutralisation tests detect the antigen of a virus

A

False (indirect detection of antibodies - serological test)

147
Q

Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies

A

True

148
Q

MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis

A

True

149
Q

MATSA is a form of disease

A

False

150
Q

Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymore

A

False

151
Q

If an animal is infected, laboratory tests always detect the antigen

A

False

152
Q

The phase of pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of laboratory tests

A

True

153
Q

Using virus neutralisation tests, we detect the antibody

A

True

154
Q

Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigen of the agent

A

False (genome of the agent is detected)

155
Q

Post mortem lesions aid in the setting up of diagnosis

A

True

156
Q

Epidemiological data can help in preliminary diagnosis

A

True

157
Q

Antibacterial treatments are banned in the EU against viruses

A

False (can be used for secondary infection)

158
Q

Individual and mass treatment can be combined in some cases of infections

A

True

159
Q

Hyperimmune serum can be used in some aetiological treatment of certain diseases

A

True

160
Q

No aetiological treatment available for virus infections

A

False

161
Q

Mass treatment using antibiotics is banned in the EU

A

False

162
Q

Antibiotics can be used for bacterial infections

A

True

163
Q

All bacterial agents can be eradicated by antibiotics

A

False

164
Q

Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial complications

A

True

165
Q

Using antibiotics with viral infections is not allowed due to resistance

A

False

166
Q

Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited

A

True

167
Q

Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support the healing of an animal

A

True

168
Q

Antibiotics may only be used until the disappearance of clinical signs

A

False

169
Q

Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to avoid resistance

A

False

170
Q

Using hyperimmune serum is usually unjustifiable

A

True

171
Q

In case of importing animals to a farm, animals in quarantine must be tested for infections

A

True

172
Q

In case of importing animals to a farm, animals in quarantine must only be observed for clincial signs

A

False

173
Q

Only eggs from the same flock can be hatched in one hatching machine

A

True

174
Q

Eggs of different species can be hatched together, they do not infect each other due to different hatching times

A

False

175
Q

All-in-all-out is important in disease prevention

A

True

176
Q

Isolation of age groups is important in disease prevention

A

True

177
Q

Isolation of similar age groups does not prevent infection as all animals of the same species are prone to all infections

A

False

178
Q

Day old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk immunity

A

False

179
Q

The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is continuously decreasing after farrowing

A

True

180
Q

Maternal antibodies can inhibit active immune response

A

True

181
Q

There is no maternal protection in birds

A

False

182
Q

Colostrum is the main method of protection in animals with epitheliochorial placenta

A

True

183
Q

The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days

A

True

184
Q

The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks

A

False (homologous)

185
Q

Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the placenta

A

False

186
Q

Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the colostrum

A

True

187
Q

Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum

A

True

188
Q

The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam

A

True

189
Q

The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after calving

A

False

190
Q

Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not changing

A

False

191
Q

Colostrum is not important in protection of calves since the antibodies can go through the placenta

A

False

192
Q

Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves

A

True

193
Q

The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is not changed in the first week after birth

A

False

194
Q

Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth

A

False

195
Q

Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunisation

A

True

196
Q

New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies

A

False

197
Q

The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes

A

True

198
Q

The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth

A

False

199
Q

The immune globulin content of the colostrum remains high for the first week after giving birth

A

False

200
Q

The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth

A

True

201
Q

Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination

A

True

202
Q

The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth

A

True

203
Q

The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth

A

False

204
Q

The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines

A

True

205
Q

Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum

A

True

206
Q

The endotheliochorial placenta prevents the transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus

A

False

207
Q

Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection

A

False

208
Q

Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains

A

True

209
Q

Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines

A

True

210
Q

The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination

A

True

211
Q

Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines

A

False

212
Q

Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins

A

True

213
Q

The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination

A

False

214
Q

Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines

A

True

215
Q

Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines

A

True

216
Q

Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines

A

False

217
Q

Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components

A

True

218
Q

The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the newborn animals

A

False

219
Q

DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccines

A

False

220
Q

According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated

A

True

221
Q

Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents

A

True

222
Q

Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains

A

True

223
Q

Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines

A

True

224
Q

For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used

A

False

225
Q

Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence

A

True

226
Q

Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents

A

False

227
Q

Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones

A

False

228
Q

Live vaccines are dangerous, they are not on the market any more

A

False

229
Q

Live vaccines are not used in Europe any more

A

False

230
Q

Live vaccines do not provide good immunity

A

False

231
Q

Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination

A

False

232
Q

It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU

A

False

233
Q

Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents

A

True

234
Q

The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated animals

A

True

235
Q

If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated

A

True

236
Q

Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated

A

True

237
Q

Use of marker vaccines can be combined with test and remove eradication

A

True

238
Q

Marker vaccines are marked with dyes

A

False

239
Q

The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low

A

False

240
Q

Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive

A

True

241
Q

Attenuated vaccines induce a quick immune response

A

True

242
Q

Vaccines containing attenuated strains are not used anymore

A

False

243
Q

The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine

A

False

244
Q

Eradication with selection method is not done nowadays

A

False

245
Q

Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used

A

True

246
Q

Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the herd

A

False

247
Q

Eradication using generation shift method is mainly used in Poultry

A

False

248
Q

Implantation of washed embryos from a non infected dam into infected one is a way of eradication

A

False

249
Q

Implantation of washed embryos from a infected dam into non-infected one is a way of eradication

A

True

250
Q

Eradication using the generation shift method is mainly used in pig herds

A

False

251
Q

In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning of the eradication procedure

A

False

252
Q

Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination

A

True

253
Q

In the case of generation shift the young animals must be isolated from the dam at the age of 1-3 days

A

True

254
Q

Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of infection

A

True

255
Q

When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed from the herd

A

True

256
Q

Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication

A

True

257
Q

Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds

A

True

258
Q

Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method

A

False

259
Q

Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift

A

True

260
Q

Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease

A

False

261
Q

Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradication of a disease

A

True

262
Q

Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove infected animals

A

True

263
Q

In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept isolated

A

True

264
Q

Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected

A

False

265
Q

The selection method cannot be combined vaccination

A

False

266
Q

Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of infection

A

True

267
Q

There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment

A

True

268
Q

In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent animals

A

True

269
Q

In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals

A

True

270
Q

In the case of selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the herd

A

True

271
Q

If eradication is made by selection method, vaccination is forbidden

A

False

272
Q

Early weaning is necessary if generation shift method of eradication is used

A

True

273
Q

Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine

A

False

274
Q

Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease

A

True

275
Q

In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated

A

True

276
Q

In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are eliminated

A

False

277
Q

In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used

A

False

278
Q

Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore

A

False

279
Q

Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore

A

False

Epidemiology (8 decks)

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