Midterm #1 Exam Q's 26-50

Question 0

APGAR Test

Answer 0

A measure of newborns vitality based on 5 factors:

1. Heart Rate
2. Breathing
3. Muscle Tone
4. Color
5. Reflexes

-Administered at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

Question 1

Age of Viability

Answer 1

Approximately 22 weeks

Question 2

Low Birth Weight (LBW)

Answer 2

Body weight of less than 5.5 lbs at birth.

Question 3

Teratogens

Answer 3

Substances and conditions that increase the risk of of prenatal abnormalities.

Question 4

Average birth weight of a newborn

Answer 4

7.5 lbs

Question 5

1. Components of a Neuron and

2. their changes during Transient Exuberance and Pruning

Answer 5

1. Dendrites receive chemical info (NT’s) and transmit them down axon through myelin sheath (speeds up impulses) to synapse (junction)
2. Pruning removes unnecessary or unused connections and transient exuberance rearranges the synapses as the brain needs

Question 6

Reflexes

Answer 6

Involuntary responses to a particular stimulus (breathing, shivering and sucking)

Question 7

When can the average child walk unassisted?

Answer 7

12 months

Question 8

Least Developed Sense at Birth

Answer 8

Sight

Question 9

1. Piaget’s “Object Permanence”

2. “Symbolic Representation”

Answer 9

1. The awareness that objects and people exist even when out of sight (about 8 months after birth)
2. Playing with things and pretending (also includes language and other symbols)

Question 10

1. The Visual Cliff

2. “Affordance”

Answer 10

1. An illusion causing infants to believe there is a large vertical drop. This experiment showed that babies at 10 months old have a basic understanding that they may fall if they wander beyond the “edge.”
2. A child’s ability to see multiple uses for the same object.

Question 11

1. Child-Directed Speech

2. “Parentese”

Answer 11

1. High pitched, simple, repetitive used by parents all over the world to make babies feel happy.
2. Less formal title for child-directed speech

Question 12

Chomsky’s Theory of Language Acquisition

Answer 12

Children are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that helps them to learn language.

Question 13

Characteristics of Emotions During the First Two Years of Life

Answer 13

High Emotional Responsiveness

Question 14

Cortisol’s Effect on Early Emotions

Answer 14

Cortisol is a stress hormone that is more present when children are sad. The early brain is shaped by simple social emotions.

Question 15

Stranger Weariness

Answer 15

An infant’s tendency to appear frightened when strangers enter into proximity with them. (appears around 9 months)

Question 16

Self-Awareness

Answer 16

The realization that one’s mind and body are separate from others. First appears around 12 months. Demonstrated by mirror recognition experiment.

Question 17

1. Tempereament

2. The Ways it is Expressed According to Chess and Thomas

Answer 17

1. Differences in emotions, behaviors and habits present from birth and developed early on in life.
2. Easy-40%
   Difficult 10%
   Slow to Warm Up 15%
   Hard to Classify 35%

Question 18

Goodness of Fit

Answer 18

A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context (including school, family and community)

Question 19

Synchrony

Answer 19

A coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between an infant and his or her caregiver.

Question 20

Big 5 Personality Traits

Answer 20

Openness: imaginative, curious, welcoming new experiences
Conscientiousness: Organized, deliberate, conforming.
Extroversion: outgoing, assertive, active
Agreeableness: kind, helpful, easygoing
Neuroticism: anxious, moody, self-critical

Question 21

Elements of Early Childhood Attachment

Answer 21

• Pre-attachment: newborns cry to receive attention and to call out to others to serve their basic needs. The more they are rewarded, the more they learn to seek behavior.
• Proximity-seeking behavior: child seeks closeness with parent
• Contact-maintaining: SE
• Social Referencing: Judging a social situation based on cues of a caregiver

Question 22

1. Secure Attachment Types

2. Insecure Attachment Types

Answer 22

1. Secure Attachment
2. Insecure Avoidant- infant not interested in caregiver and explores freely without concern for parent
   Insecure Resistant- Little exploration, preoccupied with caregiver, won’t settle down
   Insecure Disorganized- Children feel confused or disoriented in the presence of caregiver and are often in a trancelike freeze

Question 23

How much height and weight will a child gain between ages 2 and 6?

Answer 23

3 inches and 4.5 lbs per year! (Damn…)

Question 24

Types of Nutrients Likely to be Absent in Children of Developed Nations

Answer 24

-Iron, zinc, calcium

Question 25

Gross vs. Fine Motor Skills

Answer 25

• Gross: learned through play, including running, jumping, throwing, kicking, etc
• Fine: small body movements including pouring juice or using silverware

Question 26

Effects of Lead on Development

Answer 26

Can cause lowered intelligence, increased behavior problems and can even be fatal

Question 27

Key Accomplishment for Regulating Emotion Between Ages 2-6

Answer 27

Learning how and when to express emotions!