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GOPH 375 > Midterm #1-Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Midterm #1-Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

fracture

A

a general term for any breaks in rock

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2
Q

mainshock

A

largest EQ in a sequence

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3
Q

foreshock

A

smaller EQ that precedes mainshock (on the same sectipn of a fault)

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4
Q

aftershock

A

smaller EQs following a mainshock- can continue for years following the mainshock

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5
Q

seismology

A

study of EQs and the earth’s interior

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6
Q

seism

A

an EQ

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7
Q

arrival time

A

time when an EQ is detected by a seismograph

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8
Q

seismometers

A

instruments that detect earth’s motions

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9
Q

inertia

A

that property by which matter will remain at rest unless acted on by an external force

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10
Q

seismograms

A

records made by seismographs

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11
Q

wavelength

A

distance between two successive waves

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12
Q

period

A

the length of time for a complete cycle of waves to pass

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13
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

unit of frequency. One hertz equals one cycle per second

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14
Q

amplitude

A

maximum displacement above or below the undisturbed position (the height of a wave crest)

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15
Q

natural frequency

A

frequency at which a mechanical system (soil, a building) vibrates when disturbed

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16
Q

resonance

A

phenomenon when vibrations grow larger and larger

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17
Q

when earth shakes, it releases ____ that pass through the body of the planet

A

seismic waves

18
Q

two types of seismic waves

A

body waves and surface waves

19
Q

body waves

A

includes P (primary) and S (secondary waves)

20
Q

surface waves

A

includes L (love waves) and R (rayleigh waves)

21
Q

fastest waves are the

A

P waves

22
Q

slowest waves are the

A

L waves

23
Q

P waves

A

pass through solids, liquids, and gas, move in a pull-push motion

24
Q

S waves

A

only pass through solids, move in a shearing motion

25
Q

R waves

A

move in a backward rotating, elliptical motion (rocking boat motion)

26
Q

L waves

A

move in a side-side, horizontal plane motion (similar motion to S waves)

27
Q

isoseismal maps

A

map that shows the effects of the same EQ in different areas - demonstrating the different intensities

28
Q

felt area

A

surface over which the EQ was felt by people

29
Q

liquefaction

A

when strong EQ shaking causes solid sediments to transform into liquid

30
Q

when soils are saturated…

A

soils loose strength and stiffness, which weakens their ability to withstand and support heavy loads

31
Q

soft sediments vibrate at ____ frequencies

A

lower

32
Q

hard sediments vibrate at ______ frequencies

A

higher

33
Q

the greatest earthquakes in the world will occur where…

A

plate collide (convergent zones)

34
Q

megathrust EQs

A

occurs when stress accumulates at subduction - dominated by shear stress… typically happen within 30 kms of the crust (shallow)

35
Q

seismic gap method

A

theory that suggests EQs are expected next along the fault segments that have not moved for the longest time

36
Q

world’s most famous fault:

A

San Andreas Fault (located offshore of San Fransisco)

37
Q

locked zone

A

section of a fault that has not released seismic energy in a long time

38
Q

creeping zone

A

section of a fault where energy is released frequently creating small to moderate EQs

39
Q

what must designs for buildings in “EQ country” account for?

A

acceleration (the rate of change of motion)

40
Q

the higher the magnitude of an EQ, the higher the ___

A

acceleration

41
Q

retrofitting

A

strengthening pre-existing buildings (bracing it, infilling walls, adding frames to the interior or exterior, isolating it off the ground)

42
Q

what scale are EQ’s effect on people and buildings assessed on?

A

the Mercali Intensity scale

GOPH 375 (4 decks)

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