Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GOPH 375 > Midterm #1-Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1-Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

Natural event in which large amount of energy released in short time, resulting in catastrophic consequences for life and infrastructure

  • Usually caused by a sudden release of energy stored over a long time
  • Usually not man-made but can result from ignorance of natural hazards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 energy sources for disasters?

A
  1. Internal Energy-EQ, Tsunamis, Volcanos
  2. Gravity- mass movements, avalanches
  3. Solar Energy- meteorological storm, flood, drought, wildfire, magnetic storm
  4. Impact Energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does Internal Energy come from?

A
  • Radioactive Decay: derives from ongoing decay of radioactive elements (uranium, thorium, K)
    -Residual heat from extraterrestrial impacts and heat left from early impacts on Earth
    -
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is gravity?

A

Attractive force between any two masses, directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the potential energy of an object depend on?

A

The potential energy of an object depends on ELEVATION and is released as kinetic energy if the object falls
-“Matter poses gravitational potential energy proportional to its elevation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The sun is a ____ ____ ___, combing 2 ____ nuclei to produce ______ releasing ____ ____ as ___ and ____=solar radiation

A

The sun is a nuclear fusion reactor, combing 2 hydrogen nuclei to produce helium releasing nuclear energy as heat and light=solar radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an example of Solar Energy Disaster?

A
  • Tornadoes
  • Flood and Avalanches: The entire hydrologic cycle is driven by solar heating, can lead to flood and avalanche
  • Hurricanes- fuelled by solar energy that hits ocean surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Hazard?

A

Hazard: potential for dangerous event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is vulnerability?

A

Likelihood a community will suffer when exposed to natural hazards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is risk?

A

Risk=Vulnerability x Hazard

Ex: Seismic Risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When do natural disasters occur?

A

Natural disasters occur when natural hazards intersect with vulnerable communities
- Hazards are beyond human control, but vulnerability can be controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two big steps after a disaster?

A
  1. Response (short-term)

2. Recovery (mid-term)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two big steps before a disaster?

A
  1. Mitigation (long-term)

2. Preparedness/Adaptation (long-term)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Response?

A
  • Immediate actions after a disaster
  • Includes emergency and medical workers, police firefighters
  • Goal: “get situation under control”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Recovery?

A

Longer term actions to rebuild the community

- Goal: Get situation back to normal, pre-disaster state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Mitigation?

A

Advance activities to reduce risk

- Structural and non-structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Structural Mitigation?

A
  • Infrastructure: dams, dykes, floodways
  • Retrofitting buildings
  • EQ proofing home
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is non-structural mitigation?

A
  • Land-use policies
  • Severe weather warnings
  • Building codes
  • Public education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Preparedness?

A

Pro-active steps to plan for disasters and put in place resources needed to cope with them
-Ex: stockpiling goods, emergency kits, evacuation drills, first-aid training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the return period?

A

Return period: Average time between events

-ex: Damaging earthquake occurs on Van Island every 20 years approx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the formula for frequency of event occurrences?

A

Frequency=1/Period
- Gives you the average number of occurrences in a given time
Ex: Van Island experiences approx 20 years, 1/20=0.05 damaging earthquakes per year

22
Q

What is magnitude?

A

Measure of amount of energy released

23
Q

Magnitude is _____ proportional to ________

A

Magnitude is inversely proportional to frequency (large events occur less frequently than small)

24
Q

What is the magnitude and frequency of a Great EQ? A very minor EQ?

A

Great Earthquake: Magnitude is 8 or higher, frequency is 1

Very Minor Earthquake: Magnitude is 2-2.9, frequnecy is 1,300,000

25
Q

Frequency of weather-related disasters is _______. Frequency of geological disasters is _______.

A

Frequency of weather-related disasters is increasing. Frequency of geological disasters is stable.

26
Q

Number of fatalities due to natural disasters is ______ worldwide and ______ in Canada.

A

Number of fatalities due to natural disasters is increasing slightly worldwide and decreasing in Canada.

27
Q

Economic cost of natural disasters is ________ _____ due to _____ population and _____ infrastructure.

A

Economic cost of natural disasters is increasing rapidly due to increased population and vulnerable infrastructure.

28
Q

How do natural disasters affect developed countries?

A

Developed countries typically have fewer casualties (better buildings, medical care, resources, education, lower pop.) and higher economic costs (extensive and expensive infrastructure)

29
Q

Recent Canadian natural disasters are predominately ____-_____ due to long ___ ____

A

Recent Canadian natural disasters are predominately weather-related due to long repeat periods for geologic disasters

30
Q

Earth’s internal structure can be considered in terms of what two components?

A
  1. Chemical Composition- what its made of

2. Rheology- how the material strains (deforms) under STRESS

31
Q

What is stress?

A

Force per area, includes:

  • Compression (pressure) perpendicular to surface, leads to contraction
  • Tension: perpendicular to surface, leads to extension
  • Shear: parallel to surface, leads to distortion
32
Q

What is strain?

A

Relative deformation under stress

33
Q

Rheology: What happens to liquids under stress?

A

Liquids flow under stress

34
Q

Rheology: What happens to elastic solids under stress?

A

Elastic deformation is recoverable, the object will return to original shape when stress is removed

35
Q

Rheology: What happens to ductile materials under stress? (ex: gold)

A
  • Ductile deformation is permanent
36
Q

Rheology: What happens to brittle materials under stress?

A

Brittle objects fracture

37
Q

Rheology: What happens to plastic materials under stress?

A

Flows like a high-viscosity fluid (ex: glacier)

38
Q

What is viscosity?

A

A material’s internal resistance to flow

39
Q

What does rheology depend on?

A

Rheology depends on time (t), temperature (T), and pressure (p)

40
Q

What leads to brittle rupture?

A

Abrupt stress, low temperature and/or low pressure can lead to brittle rupture
ex: Rock: brittle near earth’s surface will rupture during a EQ

41
Q

What leads to plastic flow?

A

Long-term stress, high temperature and/or high pressure can lead to plastic flow
ex: Glaciers flow on long time scales but rupture on short

42
Q

How is the earth organized in terms of chemical composition?

A
  1. Crust
  2. Mantle
  3. Outer Core
  4. Inner Core
43
Q

How is the earth organized in terms of rheology?

A
  1. Atmosphere
  2. Hydrosphere
  3. Lithosphere
  4. Asthenosphere
  5. Mesosphere
  6. Outer Core
  7. Inner Core
44
Q

Significance of Inner Core

A
  • Composition: solid
  • Temperature: 5000 C
  • Density 14-16g/cm3
  • 2% of Earth’s Mass
  • Solid metal, mostly iron, some nickel
45
Q

Significance of Outer Core

A
  • Composition: Liquid
  • Temperature: 4000 C
  • Density: 9.7-14gcm3
  • Fluid metal, iron and nickel
46
Q

Significance of Mantle

A

Composition: lower mantle is plastic, upper mantle is brittle

  • Temperature: 1000C-3000C
  • Density: 3.5-5.7g/cm3
  • 67% of Earth’s Mass
47
Q

What is the Moho?

A

The Moho is the crust-mantle compositional boundary (Mohorovicic discontinuity)

48
Q

Significance of Continental Crust

A 
Composition: Brittle
Temp: 0-1000C
Density: 3.0g/cm3
0.1% of Earth's Mass
Made up of basaltic (volcanic) rock, 48% silicia
49
Q

Significance of Lithosphere

A
  • Consists of the crust and upper-most mantle

- Rigid solids fused together form the lithosphere

50
Q

Significance of Asthenosphere

A
  • Soft plastic upper mantle

- Solid with partial melt, flows slowly under stress

51
Q

Significance of Mesosphere

A

Stiff plastic layer below asthenosphere

52
Q

What does solid/melted state depend on?

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Temperature
  3. Composition

GOPH 375 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions