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Bio Midterms 180 > Midterm 1 Chap 14-… > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Chap 14-… Flashcards

1
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

The patterns of inheritance of any genes not on a sec chromosome, standard pattern
Mendel only studied these

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2
Q

Gene

A

A hereditary factor that influences a particular gene (eye color)

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3
Q

Allele

A

A particular form/ version of a gene
(type of eye color) (blue,green)
Each individual has 2 versions of each gene, these different versions are called alleles
Found at the same place on a chromosome
Inherit one allele for each autosomal gene for each parent

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4
Q

Genotype

A

A listing of alleles of particular genes in an individual

1/4 RR 1/2 Rr 1/4 rr

1:2:1

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

An individuals observable traits

(3/4 round. 1/4 wrinkled)= meaning 3:1 phenotype

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two of the same alleles
BB , bb

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7
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles
Bb, bB

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8
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that produces its phenotype in heterozygous and homozygous genotypes.

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9
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that produces its phenotype only in homozygous genotype

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10
Q

Pure line

A

Individuals of the same phenotype that, when crossed always produce offspring with the same phenotype
They are homozygous.
RR or rr, same phenotype bc they’re homozygous, identical genotype

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11
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring from crosses between homozygous parents with different genotypes
Hybrids pare heterozygous

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12
Q

Peas

A

Can’t be fertilized or cross fertilized
Mendel developed a method of controlling matings to force cross-fertilization or outcrossing

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13
Q

Reciprocal cross

A

A cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with a prior cross
-The sex of the parent dosent influence transmission of the trait if reciprocal crosses give identical results

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14
Q

Test cross pg.299

A

To reveal genotype of parent, with Dominant phenotypes,
( rryy) with R?Y? On graph To see all types of results
Produced four types of gastes
A cross of a homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype.
-usually to determine when a parent with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

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15
Q

X-linked

A

Referring to a gene located on the X chromosome

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16
Q

Y-linked

A

Referring to a gene located on the Y chromosome
mostly determines male specific development

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17
Q

Blending inheritance

A

Traits observed in mother and father blend together to form traits in their offspring. Offsprings traits are intermediate between traits of mother and father

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18
Q

Inheritance of acquired characters

A

Proposed that traits present in parents are modified through use and then passed on to their offspring in the modified form.

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19
Q

Monohybrid

A

The cross happening in F1 generation offspring of parents differing in one trait only.

Two parents that each carry two different genetic determinant for the same trait

“single” so parents are hybrid for a single trait) “heterozygous”

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20
Q

A cross va reciprocal cross

A

Cross- crosses from man to woman from right side
Reciprocal cross- crosses backwards man to women from left side
Results are identical.

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21
Q

Punnet square to solve a single gene with two alleles

A

An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists.

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22
Q

Principle of segregation

A

Produce offspring with same phenotype bc they are homozygous
3:1 is phenotype
1/4 RR 1/2 Rr 1/4 rr
During the formation of eggs and sperm in the parents
( R Dominant) ( r Recessive)
Used letter to indicate gene for particular trait
Produces

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23
Q

Homozygous and heterozygous

A

Homozygous dominant- BB (brown eyes)
Homozygous recessive- bb (blue)
Heterozygous- Bb
Ex- Heterozygous wolf with brown eyes (Bb)
Homozygous wolf with blue eyes- (bb)
Homozygous wolf with brown eyes-
(BB)

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24
Q

Principle of independent assortment

A

Alleles of diff genes are transmitted independently of one another.
Each combination has an equal probability of occurring bc an allele you give a gamete for one gene has no connection on the alleles that gamete receives from other genes
Only unlinked genes
F2 offspring- 4 phenotypes into 9:3:3:1 all segregated
Should be 9 genotypes and 4 phenotypes
Rr, RY, ry, rY

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25
Gametes
Eggs or sperm
26
Unlinked genes linked genes
2 Genes on 2 separate chromosomes (1 on each) 2 genes on same chromosome
27
Non linked di hybrid cross
9:3:3:1
28
Di hybrid cross
same as hybrid but two of them, 2 characteristics. Cross happens in F1 generation offspring of differing in two! traits punnet square dihybrid cross predicts- 9 genotypes, 9 phenotypes, 9;3;3;1 Di- two, Hybrid-heterozygous mating between parents that are both heterozygous for two genes (traits) determine if segregate together or independently. (SY,Sy,sY,sy)
29
Test cross
A parent with a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype is crossed with a parent that contributes only recessive alleles. The genotype of the second parent can be inferred from the results
30
Parental generation
Individuals used in the single trait crosses
31
Particulate inheritance
Explained patterns observed of blending inheritance and acquired characters
32
monohybrid, dihybrid
principle of segregation principles of independent assortment
33
chromosome theory of inheritance
genes are located on chromosome at a particular locus The physical separation of alleles during meiosis!! I is responsible for Mendel’s principle of segregation
34
meiosis
Diagram- 4 separate haploid daughters come together into 2 separate pairs of 2 then together into 1 pair of 2 and each has two string inside then dominant comes out, picking one from each string and, 2 left alleles in one pair crosses over, has independent assortment, variation of genetics, 4 haploid daughter cells, 46 chromosome completely diff than mitosis, meosis twice more chromosomes than mitosis bc of fertilization.
35
meiosis assort independently
They are located on different nonhomologous chromosomes They assort independently of one another
36
Wild type
most common phenotypes
37
mutation
heritable change in a gene
38
mutants
individuals with traits caused by mutations
39
red eyes, white eyes
red eyes- wild type (only females) white eyes- mutation (only males) This suggests a relationship between gender and inheritance of eye color in Drosophila
40
X-linkage
a gene being on the X chromosome (females have two X chromosomes) (males have an X and Y)
41
Y-linkage
A gene being on the Y chromosome (males have an X and Y)
42
sex linkage
The general term for genes being on either sex chromosome single gene is located on a sex chromosome males and females differ
43
Sex chromosomes
Pair during meiosis I Segregate during meiosis II Gametes have either an X or a Y chromosome Females produce all X gametes Males produce half X gametes and half Y gametes
44
Sex-linked inheritance
occurs when a gene is located on a sex chromosome If the gene is on the X, it is X-linked inheritance If the gene is on the Y, it is Y-linked inheritance
45
autosomal inheritance
Genes on non-sex chromosomes are said to be autosomal and their patterns of inheritance are called autosomal inheritance
46
Linkage
refers to two or more genes that are located on the same chromosome is the tendency of genes to be inherited together because they are on the same chromosome, location of one gene relative to another linked genes- Are predicted to always be transmitted together during gamete formation Should violate the principle of independent assortment
47
recombinant
Had combinations of alleles not found in the parents Linked alleles usually, but not always, stay together
48
When crossing over takes place
genetic recombination occurs
49
genetic map
data on the Frequency of crossing over can be used to create genetic map A diagram showing the relative positions of genes Along a particular chromosome
50
crossing over
Crossing over is rare between genes that are close together crossing over occur frequently between genes that are far apart.
51
multiple allelism
When there are more than two alleles of a gene in a population
52
Codominance
mix of both, (healthiest resistint to molaria) Heterozygotes display the phenotype of both alleles Homozygous for sickle cells, its worse because itll all be sickle cells, recessive gives u chance bc its diff Example: ABO blood types (AB) both dominant but heterozygote Both IA and IB are dominant to I Yet, IAIB heterozygotes produce both polysaccharides, resulting in the AB blood type
53
incomplete dominance
(blending) ARAR AND AYAY EQUALS IN ARAY RED AND YELLOW COME OUT ORANGE Heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype Neither allele is dominant Gene interaction which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed offending resulting in different phenotype.
54
Pleiotropic
Gene that Influences many traits and effects
55
Gene by environment interaction
Most phenotypes are strongly influence by the environment as well as by genotypes Combined effect of genes and environment is referred to as gene by environment interaction.
56
Expression of many genes
Two or more genes must work together to control a single trait
57
Discrete traits
Characteristics that are clearly different Ex: mouse eyes, which can be black or red Characteristics that are clearly traits (Pea seeds color that r with yellow or green; no intermediate phenotypes exist Controlled by small # of genes !! ( color of something ) easy set in stone no numbers or scales
58
Quantitative traits
Phenotypic range is observed throughout the population Human height or skin color Traits often form a bell shaped curve or normal distribution Lots of genes contribute and coded too ( not set in stone, not yes or no answer, ex: height, 6.2 ft,or 5.5 ft, or 6
59
Polygenic Inheritance
Quantitative! traits result from many genes called (polygenic inheritance) the inheritance of a trait governed by more than one genes. three or more genes govern the inheritance of polygenic traits
60
mode of transmission
describes a trait as autosomal or sex-linked and type of dominance
61
Autosomes vs sex-linked ones,
Autosomes control the inheritance of organism's characteristics except the sex-linked ones, which are controlled by the sex chromosomes.
62
Then and now vocab
character- gene (pod color) Trait- Allele (version of pod color)(green yellow)(tall, short) True Bred- Homozygous (2 traits same) (TT)(tt) Hybrid- Heterozygous- tall trait and short trait (allele) Tt
63
sickle cell
recessive, only get sickle cell disease if your homozygous recessive only get negatives and get recessive disorder
64
autosomal and sex chromosomes
1-22 out of 23 chromosomes are autosomal (all the same) auto-similar somal-body 23 is sex-chromosome female has the same, (xx) male (x,y)
65
true breeding
homozygous
66
hybrid
heterozygous

Bio Midterms 180 (4 decks)

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