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Bio Midterms 180 > Midterm 1 Chap 14-… > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Chap 14-… Flashcards

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1
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

The patterns of inheritance of any genes not on a sec chromosome, standard pattern
Mendel only studied these

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2
Q

Gene

A

A hereditary factor that influences a particular gene (eye color)

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3
Q

Allele

A

A particular form/ version of a gene
(type of eye color) (blue,green)
Each individual has 2 versions of each gene, these different versions are called alleles
Found at the same place on a chromosome
Inherit one allele for each autosomal gene for each parent

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4
Q

Genotype

A

A listing of alleles of particular genes in an individual

1/4 RR 1/2 Rr 1/4 rr

1:2:1

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

An individuals observable traits

(3/4 round. 1/4 wrinkled)= meaning 3:1 phenotype

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two of the same alleles
BB , bb

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7
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles
Bb, bB

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8
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that produces its phenotype in heterozygous and homozygous genotypes.

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9
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that produces its phenotype only in homozygous genotype

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10
Q

Pure line

A

Individuals of the same phenotype that, when crossed always produce offspring with the same phenotype
They are homozygous.
RR or rr, same phenotype bc they’re homozygous, identical genotype

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11
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring from crosses between homozygous parents with different genotypes
Hybrids pare heterozygous

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12
Q

Peas

A

Can’t be fertilized or cross fertilized
Mendel developed a method of controlling matings to force cross-fertilization or outcrossing

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13
Q

Reciprocal cross

A

A cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with a prior cross
-The sex of the parent dosent influence transmission of the trait if reciprocal crosses give identical results

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14
Q

Test cross pg.299

A

To reveal genotype of parent, with Dominant phenotypes,
( rryy) with R?Y? On graph To see all types of results
Produced four types of gastes
A cross of a homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype.
-usually to determine when a parent with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

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15
Q

X-linked

A

Referring to a gene located on the X chromosome

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16
Q

Y-linked

A

Referring to a gene located on the Y chromosome
mostly determines male specific development

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17
Q

Blending inheritance

A

Traits observed in mother and father blend together to form traits in their offspring. Offsprings traits are intermediate between traits of mother and father

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18
Q

Inheritance of acquired characters

A

Proposed that traits present in parents are modified through use and then passed on to their offspring in the modified form.

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19
Q

Monohybrid

A

The cross happening in F1 generation offspring of parents differing in one trait only.

Two parents that each carry two different genetic determinant for the same trait

“single” so parents are hybrid for a single trait) “heterozygous”

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20
Q

A cross va reciprocal cross

A

Cross- crosses from man to woman from right side
Reciprocal cross- crosses backwards man to women from left side
Results are identical.

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21
Q

Punnet square to solve a single gene with two alleles

A

An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists.

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22
Q

Principle of segregation

A

Produce offspring with same phenotype bc they are homozygous
3:1 is phenotype
1/4 RR 1/2 Rr 1/4 rr
During the formation of eggs and sperm in the parents
( R Dominant) ( r Recessive)
Used letter to indicate gene for particular trait
Produces

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23
Q

Homozygous and heterozygous

A

Homozygous dominant- BB (brown eyes)
Homozygous recessive- bb (blue)
Heterozygous- Bb
Ex- Heterozygous wolf with brown eyes (Bb)
Homozygous wolf with blue eyes- (bb)
Homozygous wolf with brown eyes-
(BB)

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24
Q

Principle of independent assortment

A

Alleles of diff genes are transmitted independently of one another.
Each combination has an equal probability of occurring bc an allele you give a gamete for one gene has no connection on the alleles that gamete receives from other genes
Only unlinked genes
F2 offspring- 4 phenotypes into 9:3:3:1 all segregated
Should be 9 genotypes and 4 phenotypes
Rr, RY, ry, rY

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25
Q

Gametes

A

Eggs or sperm

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26
Q

Unlinked genes
linked genes

A

2 Genes on 2 separate chromosomes (1 on each)
2 genes on same chromosome

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27
Q

Non linked di hybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1

28
Q

Di hybrid cross

A

same as hybrid but two of them, 2 characteristics. Cross happens in F1 generation offspring of differing in two! traits
punnet square dihybrid cross predicts- 9 genotypes, 9 phenotypes, 9;3;3;1
Di- two, Hybrid-heterozygous
mating between parents that are both heterozygous for two genes (traits)
determine if segregate together or independently.
(SY,Sy,sY,sy)

29
Q

Test cross

A

A parent with a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype is crossed with a parent that contributes only recessive alleles.
The genotype of the second parent can be inferred from the results

30
Q

Parental generation

A

Individuals used in the single trait crosses

31
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

Explained patterns observed of blending inheritance and acquired characters

32
Q

monohybrid,
dihybrid

A

principle of segregation
principles of independent assortment

33
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

genes are located on chromosome at a particular locus
The physical separation of alleles during meiosis!! I is responsible for Mendel’s principle of segregation

34
Q

meiosis

A

Diagram- 4 separate haploid daughters come together into 2 separate pairs of 2 then together into 1 pair of 2 and each has two string inside then dominant comes out, picking one from each string and, 2 left alleles in one pair
crosses over, has independent assortment, variation of genetics, 4 haploid daughter cells, 46 chromosome
completely diff than mitosis, meosis twice more chromosomes than mitosis bc of fertilization.

35
Q

meiosis assort independently

A

They are located on different nonhomologous chromosomes
They assort independently of one another

36
Q

Wild type

A

most common phenotypes

37
Q

mutation

A

heritable change in a gene

38
Q

mutants

A

individuals with traits caused by mutations

39
Q

red eyes, white eyes

A

red eyes- wild type (only females)
white eyes- mutation (only males)
This suggests a relationship between gender and inheritance of eye color in Drosophila

40
Q

X-linkage

A

a gene being on the X chromosome
(females have two X chromosomes)
(males have an X and Y)

41
Q

Y-linkage

A

A gene being on the Y chromosome
(males have an X and Y)

42
Q

sex linkage

A

The general term for genes being on either sex chromosome
single gene is located on a sex chromosome
males and females differ

43
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Pair during meiosis I
Segregate during meiosis II
Gametes have either an X or a Y chromosome
Females produce all X gametes
Males produce half X gametes and half Y gametes

44
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

occurs when a gene is located on a sex chromosome
If the gene is on the X, it is X-linked inheritance
If the gene is on the Y, it is Y-linked inheritance

45
Q

autosomal inheritance

A

Genes on non-sex chromosomes are said to be autosomal and their patterns of inheritance are called autosomal inheritance

46
Q

Linkage

A

refers to two or more genes that are located on the same chromosome
is the tendency of genes to be inherited together because they are on the same chromosome, location of one gene relative to another
linked genes- Are predicted to always be transmitted together during gamete formation
Should violate the principle of independent assortment

47
Q

recombinant

A

Had combinations of alleles not found in the parents
Linked alleles usually, but not always, stay together

48
Q

When crossing over takes place

A

genetic recombination occurs

49
Q

genetic map

A

data on the Frequency of crossing over can be used to create genetic map
A diagram showing the relative positions of genes
Along a particular chromosome

50
Q

crossing over

A

Crossing over is rare between genes that are close together
crossing over occur frequently between genes that are far apart.

51
Q

multiple allelism

A

When there are more than two alleles of a gene in a population

52
Q

Codominance

A

mix of both, (healthiest resistint to molaria)
Heterozygotes display the phenotype of both alleles
Homozygous for sickle cells, its worse because itll all be sickle cells, recessive gives u chance bc its diff
Example: ABO blood types (AB) both dominant but heterozygote
Both IA and IB are dominant to I
Yet, IAIB heterozygotes produce both polysaccharides, resulting in the AB blood type

53
Q

incomplete dominance

A

(blending)
ARAR AND AYAY EQUALS IN ARAY
RED AND YELLOW COME OUT ORANGE Heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype
Neither allele is dominant
Gene interaction which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed offending resulting in different phenotype.

54
Q

Pleiotropic

A

Gene that Influences many traits and effects

55
Q

Gene by environment interaction

A

Most phenotypes are strongly influence by the environment as well as by genotypes
Combined effect of genes and environment is referred to as gene by environment interaction.

56
Q

Expression of many genes

A

Two or more genes must work together to control a single trait

57
Q

Discrete traits

A

Characteristics that are clearly different
Ex: mouse eyes, which can be black or red
Characteristics that are clearly traits
(Pea seeds color that r with yellow or green; no intermediate phenotypes exist
Controlled by small # of genes !!
( color of something ) easy set in stone no numbers or scales

58
Q

Quantitative traits

A

Phenotypic range is observed throughout the population
Human height or skin color
Traits often form a bell shaped curve or normal distribution
Lots of genes contribute and coded too ( not set in stone, not yes or no answer, ex: height, 6.2 ft,or 5.5 ft, or 6

59
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Quantitative! traits result from many genes called (polygenic inheritance)
the inheritance of a trait governed by more than one genes. three or more genes govern the inheritance of polygenic traits

60
Q

mode of transmission

A

describes a trait as autosomal or sex-linked and type of dominance

61
Q

Autosomes vs sex-linked ones,

A

Autosomes control the inheritance of organism’s characteristics except the sex-linked ones, which are controlled by the sex chromosomes.

62
Q

Then and now vocab

A

character- gene (pod color)
Trait- Allele (version of pod color)(green yellow)(tall, short)
True Bred- Homozygous (2 traits same) (TT)(tt)
Hybrid- Heterozygous- tall trait and short trait (allele) Tt

63
Q

sickle cell

A

recessive, only get sickle cell disease if your homozygous recessive
only get negatives and get recessive disorder

64
Q

autosomal and sex chromosomes

A

1-22 out of 23 chromosomes are autosomal
(all the same) auto-similar somal-body
23 is sex-chromosome
female has the same, (xx) male (x,y)

65
Q

true breeding

A

homozygous

66
Q

hybrid

A

heterozygous

Bio Midterms 180 (4 decks)

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