chap 20

Question 1

genome

Answer 1

all of the DNA of a person, ALL 23 CHROMOSOMES IN NUCLEUS
complete set of genes (DNA) or genetical material

Question 2

genetic engineering

Answer 2

the manipulation of DNA sequences in organisms, (remove pieces of DNA from an organism, sequence and manipulate them and insert them back into cells)

Question 3

recombinant DNA technology

Answer 3

techniques used to engineer genes, (make new combinations of DNA)

Question 4

DNA cloning

Answer 4

ability to produce many copies of a gene or other DNA sequence of interest. (in recombinant DNA technology, its referred to DNA cloning)
(restriction enzymes, specific cut site, protect)
inserting gene into plasmid

Question 5

plasmid

Answer 5

researchers clone a sequence of DNA by inserting it into a small circular molecule called the plasmid.

Question 6

cloning vector or vector

Answer 6

when a plasmid is used to make copies of foreign DNA sequence
(billions of copies of an original cell each containing versions of the recombinant plasmid DNA)
small Rings of DNA (plasmids) that (Transport gene into a cell)

Question 7

restriction endonuclease

Answer 7

is a bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at specific base sequences called recognition sites.

Question 8

ligase

Answer 8

the enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments during DNA replication (technique in recombinant DNA technology)

Question 9

using plasmids in cloning

Answer 9

1. Identify a recognition site. Plasmid (left contains a recognition site for a restriction endonuclease. The same recognition sites are present on the DNA (right) that will be inserted into the plasmid.
2. Add restriction endonuclease.
   A restriction endonuclease makes staggered cuts at each of the recognition sites.
3. Sticky ends result. Recognition sites now have “sticky ends” capable of hydrogen-bonding with a complementary sequence.
4. Insert gene into plasmid. Sticky ends on plasmid and on gene bind by complementary base pairing. DNA ligase catalyzes formation of a phosphodiester bond at points marked by green arrows,
   “sealing” the inserted gene.
5. Transformation and cloning.
   Introduce recombinant plasmids into
   E. coli cells by making cells permeable to DNA. Each cell contains one type of recombinant plasmid. Each cell is allowed to divide, producing many copies (clones) of the recombinant plasmid.

Question 10

complementary DNA or cDNA

Answer 10

DNA is produced from RNA. (catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template)
(although it usually synthesizes a single-stranded cDNA it can also synthesize the complementary strand to yield a double-stranded DNA.)

Question 11

transgenic

Answer 11

plants by introducing foreign DNA into a plasmid carried by a bacterium. (naturally infects plant tissue using techniques) (next card see, explanation helps) These transgenic plants can be used for research or to create a genetically modified (GM) crop.

Question 12

genetically modified (GM) crop

Answer 12

researchers can insert recombinant genes into target plant cells, test the cells to identify those that express the recombinant genes, then use tissue culture techniques to start growing these cells into adult plants with a novel genotype and phenotype.
(transgenic plants can be used for research or to create a genetically modified (GM) crop.)

Question 13

polymerase chain reaction

Answer 13

PCR is an in vitro DNA synthesis reaction that uses a DNA polymerase to replicate a specific section of DNA over and over. (just like inserting a gene into a plasmid is one method for making identical copies of particular region of DNA caled (DNA cloning) , PCR IS ANOTHER METHOD)

Question 14

when PCR is possible

Answer 14

when a researcher already has some info about DNA sequences that surrounded the DNA, (sequence info is required)

Question 15

DNA printing (DNA profiling or DNA typing)

Answer 15

refers to any technique of identifying individuals based on the unique features of their genomes.

Question 16

Short tandem repeats (STRs) known as microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs)

Answer 16

repeating units that are just 2 to 6 bases long
(for example, one of the STR used in DNA profiling is GATA which is repeated 5 -16 times
(used more than VTNRs because it is shorter and easier to amplify by PCR.

Question 17

minisatellites or variable number tandem repeats (VTNRs)

Answer 17

repeating units that are 8 - 100 bases long.

Question 18

dideoxy sequencing

Answer 18

an in vitro DNA synthesis reaction that can determine the base sequence of DNA

Question 19

next-generation sequencing

Answer 19

have made it possible to rapidly determine the sequence of entire genomes.
downside is that they produce short sequences reads of only 50-200 nucleotides, making it hard to piece together a whole genome,
but if a complete genome sequence is available in organism then its remarkly quick and inexpensive to find the entire genome from an individual.

Question 20

shotgun sequence

Answer 20

many copies of a genome are broken up randomly into a set of fragments of various sizes, the DNA fragments are sequenced, and the regions of overlap can be used as guides to put the whole genome back together. in process called (genome assembly)

Question 21

bioinformatics

Answer 21

a field that fuses mathematics, computer science, and biology to manage and analyze sequence data.

Question 22

genome annotation

Answer 22

identify which regions constitute genes and other functionally important sequences, recalls that a gene is a segment of DNA that both regulate the production of and codes for a functional RNA or protein product.

Question 23

open reading frame or ORF

Answer 23

a good indication of a protein-coding sequence

Question 24

homology

Answer 24

similarities in sequence and in function between genes in different species are usually due to homology.
IF GENES ARE HOMOLOGOUS, it means they are similar bc they are related by descent from a common ancestor.

Question 25

expressed sequence tag or EST

Answer 25

used to locate the gene that encoded the mRNA, researchers use sequence matching programs to search for matches between the EST and a sequence in genomic DNA, having more gene identification and discoveries. (gene-finding strategy)

Question 26

metagenomics or (environmental sequencing)

Answer 26

cataloging all the genes present in a complex community of prokaryotes.(unicellular)

Question 27

transposable elements

Answer 27

DNA segments that can insert into new locations in a genome.

Question 28

long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)

Answer 28

code for reverse transcriptase like retroviruses do and have a similar way of inserting into and exciting from the genome.

Question 29

gene duplication

Answer 29

occurs when biologists find groups of genes that are similar in sequence and in other features such as the arrangement of exons and introns. (exons=coding, introns=noncoding)

Question 30

gene family

Answer 30

when genes are similar to each other in structure and function they are considered to be part of the ^

Question 31

duplication and divergence

Answer 31

processes that create new genes (LOOK more into txtbook, pg 409)

Question 32

pseudogene

Answer 32

a member of a gene family that resembles a working gene but does not code for a functional product because of a mutation.

Question 33

Human Genome Project

Answer 33

required more than 15 years and $3 billion to assemble the first human genome sequences

Question 34

alternative splicing

Answer 34

one hypothesis to explain the discrepancy between genome size and organismal complexity
allows DNA to code for more than one protein. It varies the exon make-up of the messenger RNA. In alternative splicing the exons of the pre-messenger RNA produced by transcription are reconnected in different ways during RNA splicing.