Midterm 1 Actual Test Flashcards
Spontaneously using skills you have learned in novel contexts is known as: Transfer of cognition Metacognition System 1 thinking Reasoning
Transfer of cognition
Metacognition means: Having a theory of mind Understanding your own mind and thought Memory for plans and events Intuitive assessments and engaging in pattern completion
Having a theory of mind
‘Fast’ or System 1 thinking is characterized by:
Intuitive thinking and decision making
Rational deliberation for quick decisions
Unbiased assessment of personality
Weighing all pros and cons of a decision
Intuitive thinking and decision making
Memory for information such as who the U.S. president was before Barack Obama would likely be characterized as:
Semantic memory
Confidence in memory is Not always reliably associated with accuracy Strongly associated with accuracy Never associated with accuracy The same thing as familiarity of memory.
Not always reliably associated with accuracy
Memory for how to ride a bike would be characterized as: Procedural memory Semantic memory Conditioned memory Episodic memory
Procedural memory
Loftus and Palmer found that participants’ memories for a mock car accident were influenced by:
The wording of the questions asked at the end of the experiment
The speed at which the cars were moving
The degree of damage that they witnessed in the experiment
The age of the drivers in the accident
The wording of the questions asked at the end of the experiment
A technique designed to improve memory is known as a mnemonic device overcoming interference semantic processing episodic processing
a mnemonic device
Studying and working with material at differently spaced out times is known as: Distributed learning Retrieval Mnemonic learning Self-testing
Distributed learning
Grouping items to be remembered in small sets is known as Chunking Pegword method Deep processing Working memory
Chunking
A tendency to look only for evidence that supports your ideas is part of: Confirmation bias Intuition bias Metacognitive bias Fallacy fallacy
Confirmation bias
The availability heuristic is:
Judging the likelihood of something based on how easily examples of it come to mind
The tendency to go with what you know when facing a novel situation
A kind of metamemory process
Using familiarity as a way to make deliberative decisions
Judging the likelihood of something based on how easily examples of it come to mind
The fact that we make more errors the longer we engage in a repetitive vigilance task shows that:
Attention can be thought of as a limited resource
Attention can be thought of as like a spotlight
Attention is like a filter
Attention is better for deep processing
Attention can be thought of as a limited resource
Seeing a visual stimulus as a 'B' in one situation and a '13' in another situation is an example of: Context affecting perception Metamemory Linguistic determinism Semantic memory
Context affecting perception
When several items in memory are activated by the same cue and cause difficulty, we call it: Interference Conceptual processing Semantic processing Chunking
Interference
When something you learned a long time ago makes it difficult to remember something you learned recently (An old out-of-date password for example) it is known as: Proactive interference Retroactive interference Semantic satiation Shallow processing
Proactive interference
A example of memory affecting attention is:
The way people look at faces and how they move their eyes
The way people remember what they focused on
Using mnemonics to learn speeches or poetry
Learning to ride a bike
The way people look at faces and how they move their eyes
The benefits to performance and processing for items that are the focus of attention are known as Signal enhancement Distractor suppression Interference resolution Deep processing
Signal enhancement
Which of the following is likely to be the least distracting
Instrumental music
Instrumental music with minor vocals
Music with words in a language you can understand
Music with words in a language you do not understand
Instrumental music
Which of the following is not one of Halpern’s rules for clear communication
Tell listeners what you are going to say, then say it, then summarize for them
Tell listeners what you believe they want to know
Tell the truth
Don’t tell listeners what they already know
Tell listeners what you are going to say, then say it, then summarize for them
Structure mapping is the process of
Linking elements of items compared in analogy
Learning a procedural memory
Rapid decision making under conditions of interference
System 1 thinking
Linking elements of items compared in analogy
An example of evidence for linguistic relativity is
The effects on performance of having different color-terms for different language
The effects on memory for focusing on meaning rather than phonology
The effects on performance after sustained attention to a language task
The effects of having a large vocabulary on IQ performance tasks
The effects on performance of having different color-terms for different language
Equivocation means
Shifting the meaning of a word over the course of a discussion or argument
Taking a balanced approach to reasoning
Mapping a source domain evenly to a target domain for analogy
Substituting a more pleasant sounding word for one with negative connotations
Shifting the meaning of a word over the course of a discussion or argument
Reification is:
Treating an abstraction as a real, concrete thing.
Eliminating ambiguity
The process of making analogy
Substituting the meaning of a word in the middle of an argument
Treating an abstraction as a real, concrete thing
Research on learning styles suggests:
There is little evidence that instructional style needs to be matched to individual learning styles
It is best that instructional style matches the learning style (verbal, visual, tactile) of the individual learner
Learners have no real preference for their style of input
Visual learners benefit most from visual instruction
There is little evidence that instructional style needs to be matched to individual learning styles
An analogy fails when
The relationship between things being compared is strictly superficial
Comparisons are made to everyday objects or living things
The comparisons link the source domain to the target domain
The relationship between things is humorous or unusual
The relationship between things being compared is strictly superficial
Inductive reasoning is characterized by
Starting with observations and working towards conclusions that are likely to be true
Starting with statements known or assumed to be true and working towards necessary conclusions
Infallible conclusions flowing from true premises
Syllogisms
Starting with observations and working towards conclusions that are likely to be true
Deductive reasoning is characterized by
Starting with statements known or assumed to to be true and working towards necessary conclusions
Starting with observations and working towards conclusions that are likely to be true
The validity of the argument depending on the truth of the conclusion
Probability calculation and logical detective work
Starting with statements known or assumed to to be true and working towards necessary conclusions
Epistemology is: The philosophy of knowledge The systematic study of syllogism The study of probability The science of perception
The philosophy of knowledge
Which of the following is not part of the anatomy of an argument: Cognition Reasons Conclusions Structures
Cognition
Deductive arguments are valid when:
The conclusions must be true if the premises are true
The conclusions are probably true if the premises are true
The conclusions are true regardless of the truth of the premises
The premises are true and the conclusion is true
The conclusions must be true if the premises are true
A tree diagram is a useful tool when evaluating arguments with: 'If' 'Then' statements in them Two many premises to process Probability statements Premises involving xylem or phloem
‘If’ ‘Then’ statements in them
Arguments are sometimes difficult to check or evaluate when:
The conclusion seems reasonable
The premises seem unrelated to the conclusion
The conclusion is surprising
The premises lead to a conclusion we disagree with.
The conclusion seems reasonable
Why is an analogy not an argument?: It does not link reasons to conclusions It has baggage It can have a bad structure It can have unwanted connotations
It does not link reasons to conclusions
Which of the following is not relevant to the soundness of an argument?
When the conclusion has consequences for actions or decisions
When the premises are acceptable and consistent
When the premises are relevant and sufficient
When missing components have been considered and judged consistent
When the conclusion has consequences for actions or decisions
The difference between an argument and an assertion is:
An argument contains reasons
An assertion contains strong conclusions
An argument contains strong conclusions
An assertion maps reasons to conclusions directly
An argument contains reasons
A false dichotomy is an error in which:
Important alternatives are left out
The conclusions are affected by false memory
The structure of the argument is based on analogy
The relevance of the premises to the conclusion is weak
Important alternatives are left out
The fallacy fallacy is:
Thinking that your opponents conclusion is false because the argument made for it contains a fallacy.
Assuming your argument is free of fallacies
Assuming that your opponents argument contains a fallacy
Falsely concluding your argument is correct even though it has a fallacy
Thinking that your opponents conclusion is false because the argument made for it contains a fallacy.
Concluding that certain arguments for gun-control are bad because you dislike the persons making the arguments is a kind of: Guilt-by-association Fallacy fallacy Part-whole fallacy Argument by analogy
Guilt-by-association
Arguing that what is true of a group of people on average is true of all members of that group is known as: A part/whole fallacy A fallacy fallacy A false-dichotomy An appeal to pity
A part/whole fallacy
Myside bias is: Not always related to intelligence Is never related to intelligence Is identical to the availability heuristic A kind of false-dichotomy
Not always related to intelligence
