Midterm 1 Actual Test

Question 1

Spontaneously using skills you have learned in novel contexts is known as:
Transfer of cognition
Metacognition
System 1 thinking
Reasoning

Answer 1

Transfer of cognition

Question 2

Metacognition means:
Having a theory of mind 
Understanding your own mind and thought
Memory for plans and events
Intuitive assessments and engaging in pattern completion

Answer 2

Having a theory of mind

Question 3

‘Fast’ or System 1 thinking is characterized by:
Intuitive thinking and decision making
Rational deliberation for quick decisions
Unbiased assessment of personality
Weighing all pros and cons of a decision

Answer 3

Intuitive thinking and decision making

Question 4

Memory for information such as who the U.S. president was before Barack Obama would likely be characterized as:

Answer 4

Semantic memory

Question 5

Confidence in memory is
Not always reliably associated with accuracy
Strongly associated with accuracy
Never associated with accuracy
The same thing as familiarity of memory.

Answer 5

Not always reliably associated with accuracy

Question 6

Memory for how to ride a bike would be characterized as:
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Conditioned memory
Episodic memory

Answer 6

Procedural memory

Question 7

Loftus and Palmer found that participants’ memories for a mock car accident were influenced by:
The wording of the questions asked at the end of the experiment
The speed at which the cars were moving
The degree of damage that they witnessed in the experiment
The age of the drivers in the accident

Answer 7

The wording of the questions asked at the end of the experiment

Question 8

A technique designed to improve memory is known as
a mnemonic device
overcoming interference
semantic processing
episodic processing

Answer 8

a mnemonic device

Question 9

Studying and working with material at differently spaced out times is known as:
Distributed learning
Retrieval
Mnemonic learning
Self-testing

Answer 9

Distributed learning

Question 10

Grouping items to be remembered in small sets is known as
Chunking
Pegword method
Deep processing
Working memory

Answer 10

Chunking

Question 11

A tendency to look only for evidence that supports your ideas is part of:
Confirmation bias
Intuition bias
Metacognitive bias
Fallacy fallacy

Answer 11

Confirmation bias

Question 12

The availability heuristic is:
Judging the likelihood of something based on how easily examples of it come to mind
The tendency to go with what you know when facing a novel situation
A kind of metamemory process
Using familiarity as a way to make deliberative decisions

Answer 12

Judging the likelihood of something based on how easily examples of it come to mind

Question 13

The fact that we make more errors the longer we engage in a repetitive vigilance task shows that:
Attention can be thought of as a limited resource
Attention can be thought of as like a spotlight
Attention is like a filter
Attention is better for deep processing

Answer 13

Attention can be thought of as a limited resource

Question 14

Seeing a visual stimulus as a 'B' in one situation and a '13' in another situation is an example of:
Context affecting perception
Metamemory
Linguistic determinism
Semantic memory

Answer 14

Context affecting perception

Question 15

When several items in memory are activated by the same cue and cause difficulty, we call it:
Interference
Conceptual processing
Semantic processing
Chunking

Answer 15

Interference

Question 16

When something you learned a long time ago makes it difficult to remember something you learned recently (An old out-of-date password for example) it is known as:
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Semantic satiation
Shallow processing

Answer 16

Proactive interference

Question 17

A example of memory affecting attention is:
The way people look at faces and how they move their eyes
The way people remember what they focused on
Using mnemonics to learn speeches or poetry
Learning to ride a bike

Answer 17

The way people look at faces and how they move their eyes

Question 18

The benefits to performance and processing for items that are the focus of attention are known as 
Signal enhancement
Distractor suppression
Interference resolution
Deep processing

Answer 18

Signal enhancement

Question 19

Which of the following is likely to be the least distracting
Instrumental music
Instrumental music with minor vocals
Music with words in a language you can understand
Music with words in a language you do not understand

Answer 19

Instrumental music

Question 20

Which of the following is not one of Halpern’s rules for clear communication
Tell listeners what you are going to say, then say it, then summarize for them
Tell listeners what you believe they want to know
Tell the truth
Don’t tell listeners what they already know

Answer 20

Tell listeners what you are going to say, then say it, then summarize for them

Question 21

Structure mapping is the process of
Linking elements of items compared in analogy
Learning a procedural memory
Rapid decision making under conditions of interference
System 1 thinking

Answer 21

Linking elements of items compared in analogy

Question 22

An example of evidence for linguistic relativity is
The effects on performance of having different color-terms for different language
The effects on memory for focusing on meaning rather than phonology
The effects on performance after sustained attention to a language task
The effects of having a large vocabulary on IQ performance tasks

Answer 22

The effects on performance of having different color-terms for different language

Question 23

Equivocation means
Shifting the meaning of a word over the course of a discussion or argument
Taking a balanced approach to reasoning
Mapping a source domain evenly to a target domain for analogy
Substituting a more pleasant sounding word for one with negative connotations

Answer 23

Shifting the meaning of a word over the course of a discussion or argument

Question 24

Reification is:
Treating an abstraction as a real, concrete thing.
Eliminating ambiguity
The process of making analogy
Substituting the meaning of a word in the middle of an argument

Answer 24

Treating an abstraction as a real, concrete thing

Question 25

Research on learning styles suggests:
There is little evidence that instructional style needs to be matched to individual learning styles
It is best that instructional style matches the learning style (verbal, visual, tactile) of the individual learner
Learners have no real preference for their style of input
Visual learners benefit most from visual instruction

Answer 25

There is little evidence that instructional style needs to be matched to individual learning styles

Question 26

An analogy fails when
The relationship between things being compared is strictly superficial
Comparisons are made to everyday objects or living things
The comparisons link the source domain to the target domain
The relationship between things is humorous or unusual

Answer 26

The relationship between things being compared is strictly superficial

Question 27

Inductive reasoning is characterized by
Starting with observations and working towards conclusions that are likely to be true
Starting with statements known or assumed to be true and working towards necessary conclusions
Infallible conclusions flowing from true premises
Syllogisms

Answer 27

Starting with observations and working towards conclusions that are likely to be true

Question 28

Deductive reasoning is characterized by
Starting with statements known or assumed to to be true and working towards necessary conclusions
Starting with observations and working towards conclusions that are likely to be true
The validity of the argument depending on the truth of the conclusion
Probability calculation and logical detective work

Answer 28

Starting with statements known or assumed to to be true and working towards necessary conclusions

Question 29

Epistemology is:
The philosophy of knowledge
The systematic study of syllogism
The study of probability
The science of perception

Answer 29

The philosophy of knowledge

Question 30

Which of the following is not part of the anatomy of an argument:
Cognition
Reasons
Conclusions
Structures

Answer 30

Cognition

Question 31

Deductive arguments are valid when:
The conclusions must be true if the premises are true
The conclusions are probably true if the premises are true
The conclusions are true regardless of the truth of the premises
The premises are true and the conclusion is true

Answer 31

The conclusions must be true if the premises are true

Question 32

A tree diagram is a useful tool when evaluating arguments with:
'If' 'Then' statements in them
Two many premises to process
Probability statements
Premises involving xylem or phloem

Answer 32

‘If’ ‘Then’ statements in them

Question 33

Arguments are sometimes difficult to check or evaluate when:
The conclusion seems reasonable
The premises seem unrelated to the conclusion
The conclusion is surprising
The premises lead to a conclusion we disagree with.

Answer 33

The conclusion seems reasonable

Question 34

Why is an analogy not an argument?:
It does not link reasons to conclusions
It has baggage
It can have a bad structure
It can have unwanted connotations

Answer 34

It does not link reasons to conclusions

Question 35

Which of the following is not relevant to the soundness of an argument?
When the conclusion has consequences for actions or decisions
When the premises are acceptable and consistent
When the premises are relevant and sufficient
When missing components have been considered and judged consistent

Answer 35

When the conclusion has consequences for actions or decisions

Question 36

The difference between an argument and an assertion is:
An argument contains reasons
An assertion contains strong conclusions
An argument contains strong conclusions
An assertion maps reasons to conclusions directly

Answer 36

An argument contains reasons

Question 37

A false dichotomy is an error in which:
Important alternatives are left out
The conclusions are affected by false memory
The structure of the argument is based on analogy
The relevance of the premises to the conclusion is weak

Answer 37

Important alternatives are left out

Question 38

The fallacy fallacy is:
Thinking that your opponents conclusion is false because the argument made for it contains a fallacy.
Assuming your argument is free of fallacies
Assuming that your opponents argument contains a fallacy
Falsely concluding your argument is correct even though it has a fallacy

Answer 38

Thinking that your opponents conclusion is false because the argument made for it contains a fallacy.

Question 39

Concluding that certain arguments for gun-control are bad because you dislike the persons making the arguments is a kind of:
Guilt-by-association
Fallacy fallacy
Part-whole fallacy
Argument by analogy

Answer 39

Guilt-by-association

Question 40

Arguing that what is true of a group of people on average is true of all members of that group is known as:
A part/whole fallacy
A fallacy fallacy
A false-dichotomy
An appeal to pity

Answer 40

A part/whole fallacy

Question 41

Myside bias is:
Not always related to intelligence
Is never related to intelligence
Is identical to the availability heuristic
A kind of false-dichotomy

Answer 41

Not always related to intelligence