Midterm 1

Question 1

Define Social Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of how people affect and are affected by others.

Question 2

Max Ringelmann

Answer 2

Social Loafing 1880

Question 3

Define Social Loafing

Answer 3

As the group size increases, individual effort decreases. Max Ringelmann

Question 4

Norman Triplett

Answer 4

Social Facilitation 1897

Question 5

Define Social Facilitation

Answer 5

The mere presence of another person enhances performance on a simple task. Norman Triplett

Question 6

Kevin Lewin’s Formula

Answer 6

Behaviour is the function of the person and the situation.

To make a prediction you must know something about the individual and you must know something about the situation.

Question 7

Stanley Milgram

Answer 7

Study on obedience (WW2). People tend to follow authority even when it goes against their morals and better judgement.

Question 8

Define Behaviourism

Answer 8

Theoretical approach that seeks to explain the behaviour in terms of learning principles without reference to inner states thoughts or feelings.

Question 9

Define Freudian Psychoanalysis

Answer 9

Theoretical approach that seeks to explain the behaviour by looking to the deep unconscious forces inside the person.

Question 10

ABC Triad

Answer 10

Affect- how people feel inside, how they feel about others, how they feel about various issues.

Behaviour- actions.

Cognition- what people think about themselves, others, various problems in the social world.

Question 11

Define Applied Research

Answer 11

Focuses on solving particular practical problems.

Question 12

Define Basic Research

Answer 12

Focuses on a general understanding of basic principles that can be applied to many different problems.

Question 13

Accumulated Common Wisdom

Answer 13

It allows us to happily and effortlessly judge adages as being true and at the same time judge their opposite that being true.

Adage: a short statement expressing general truth
i.e. “opposites attract”, “out of sight, out of mind”, “birds of a feather flock together”

Question 14

Hindsight Bias or “Knew it all along” Phenomenon

Answer 14

The tendencies after an event has occurred, to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen the outcome.

Most things seem intuitive after the fact.

Question 15

Scientific Method

Answer 15

1. State problem.
2. Testable hypothesis.
3. Design study to test hypothesis.
4. Test by confronting hypothesis.
5. Report study results to scientific community.

Question 16

Define Hypothesis

Answer 16

An idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved, generally derived from theories.

Question 17

Theories

Answer 17

Composed of constructs (abstract ideas or concepts) that are linked together in a logical way.

Question 18

Constructs

Answer 18

Built with specified dimensions. Connected to concrete observational variables by using operational definitions.

Question 19

Operational Definitions

Answer 19

Observable operations, procedures, and measurements that are based on the independent and dependant variables.

Tie unobservable constructs to concrete representations of those constructs.

The more abstract the construct, the more difficult it is to operationally define.

Question 20

Frustration Aggression Theory

Answer 20

Events are more frustrating if you are close to the goal.

Question 21

Define Construct Validity Of The Cause

Answer 21

The independent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus.

Question 22

Define Construct Validity Of The Cause

Answer 22

The independent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus.

Question 23

Define Construct Validity Of The Effect

Answer 23

The dependant variable is a valid representation of the theoretical response.

Question 24

Define Experiment

Answer 24

A study in which the researcher manipulates an independent variable and randomly assigns people to groups.

Manipulates the independent variable and holds all other variables constant.

Question 25

Define Quasi Experiment

Answer 25

A type of study in which the researcher can manipulate an independent variable but cannot randomly assign participants to conditions. Takes people "as they are".

Question 26

Define Internal Validity

Answer 26

If the researcher can be relatively confident that changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependant variable.

Question 27

Define Confounding

Answer 27

When two of the effects of variables cannot be separated.

Question 28

Define Stimulus Sampling

Answer 28

Using several different versions of the stimulus of interest.

Question 29

Define Demand Characteristics

Answer 29

Any cues that convey the hypothesis to the participants. Can influence how participants behave.

Question 30

Define Demand Characteristics

Answer 30

Any cues that convey the hypothesis to the participants. Can influence how participants behave.

Question 31

Define Deception Studies

Answer 31

Research studies that withhold information from participants or intentionally mislead them about the purpose of the study.

Question 32

Define Debriefing

Answer 32

An oral or written statement at the end of the study to inform and answer questions and to reduce or eliminate any stress or harm the participant experienced by being in the study.

Question 33

Define Reactance

Answer 33

An unpleasant emotional response that people often experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom.

Question 34

Define Field Experiments

Answer 34

Experiments conducted in a real world setting outside a laboratory.

Question 35

Laboratory Experiment Strengths and Weaknesses

Answer 35

Strength: Control over variables that might influence results. Weakness: Setting is less realistic. Generally low in mundane realism but they can be high in experimental realism.

Question 36

Define Experimental Realism

Answer 36

Whether participants get so caught up in the procedures that they forget that they are in an experiment.

Question 37

Define Mundane Realism

Answer 37

Whether the setting physically resembles the real world.

Question 38

Define External Validity

Answer 38

Extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized to other people, other settings, and other time periods.

Question 39

What is more important? Experimental or Mundane Realism.

Answer 39

Experimental realism is more important than mundane realism in determining whether the results of a study will generalize to the real world.

Question 40

Field Studies

Answer 40

Generally high in experimental and mundane realism. Lack of the tight control that laboratory experiments have. More difficult to make causal statements.

Question 41

Define Correlation Approach

Answer 41

A non experimental method in which the researcher merely observed whether variables are associated or related

Question 42

Correlation (Positive, Negative, No)

Answer 42

Positive: as one variable goes up the other also goes up Negative: as one variable goes up the other variable goes down. No correlation: the two variables are not related in a linear fashion.

Question 43

Define Meta Analysis

Answer 43

A literature review that combines the statistical results from all studies conducted on a topic.

Question 44

Survey Research

Answer 44

Never trust conclusions from a single statistic with no comparison statistic. The larger the random sample the better.

Question 45

Define Population (Statistics)

Answer 45

Total number of people under consideration.

Question 46

Define Reliability (Survey)

Answer 46

If a survey gives consistent results.

Question 47

Define Validity (Survey)

Answer 47

A survey measures what it claims to measure.

Question 48

Self Correcting Nature Of Science

Answer 48

Generally new work builds off of older work. If the research contains mistakes, the newer research will find them and correct them.

Question 49

Define Replication (Studies)

Answer 49

Repeating a study to see if the effect is reliable.

Question 50

Define Replication Crisis (Studies)

Answer 50

A methodological crisis in which scientists have found that many scientific studies conducted in the past do not replicate, or if they do the effects tend to be smaller in size.

Question 51

HARKing (Hypothesizing after the results are known)

Answer 51

When a hypothesis is formulated after the data is collected and analyzed (post hoc) then presented as if it was formulated before the data were collected. (Hindsight bias or "knew it all along" phenomenon) Can capitalize on random chance. Never HARK.

Question 52

Solution to HARKing

Answer 52

Preregister a study.

Question 53

Open Science

Answer 53

A movement to make the results from scientific studies openly accessible to all people.

Question 54

Define Nature

Answer 54

The physical world around us, including its laws and processes.

Question 55

Duplex Mind

Answer 55

The idea that the mind has two different processing systems: deliberate and automatic.

Question 56

Automatic System

Answer 56

Operates mainly outside of consciousness. Handles endless mundane tasks such as interpreting, organizing, and categorizing the information that comes in through your eyes and ears. Impulsive. Feel then do. Generally runs almost everything.

Question 57

Deliberate System

Answer 57

Mostly operates in consciousness. Turns on when you wake up, shuts down when you go to sleep. Moves the body around in bed. Processes information . You wake up to your name spoken more softly than almost any other word. Your mind can tell the difference between words even when you are asleep. Reflective. Think about what’s the best thing to do.

Question 58

Conscious Override

Answer 58

When the deliberate system overrides the automatic impulse. You feel like doing something but then you restrain yourself.

Question 59

What makes someone attractive?

Answer 59

Most attractive faces are not really averages of everyone, but rather averages of the faces that are high on the other indices of beauty, such as youth and health.