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KIN 434 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Chronic Disease

A

A physical or mental health condition that lasts more than 1 year, requires ongoing treatment/management and causes functional restrictions (Social, physical, cognitive)

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2
Q

6 Key features of chronic disease

A 
Long duration
Not curable
Not communicable
Slow progression
Does not disappear on its own
Gets worse with time
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3
Q

How does ageing affect chronic disease prevalence?

A

With age, chronic disease becomes increasingly prevalent. The prevalence of individuals with multiple CDs also increases.

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4
Q

What is the most common limitation caused by CDs?

A

Physical limitations.

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5
Q

Why is exercise high risk high reward for CD management?

A

Exercise can be highly beneficial but also has an enhanced ability to do harm in those with CDs compared to those without CDs.

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6
Q

3 levels of intervention utility

A

1) treats the disease
2) manages symptoms
3) general health

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7
Q

What does PICOS stand for?

A 
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Study design
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8
Q

What is clinical equipoise?

A

Genuine uncertainty among clinicians on if the intervention will be benficial.

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9
Q

What is the parallel universe concept of RCTs?

A

By using randomization to create two groups, these groups can be thought of as parallel universes where the only differences between them are due to the intervention.

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10
Q

Uncertainty Principle

A

Clinicians who are convinced, by evidence, that one intervention is beneficial can not ethically randomize patients. They must be uncertain about the intervention.

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11
Q

What is a primary endpoint?

A

A primary endpoint is the main variable of interest and is usually related to the disease and its symptoms.

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12
Q

Two important steps in randomization…

A

1) The allocation sequence is truly random and follows no pattern.
2) Recruiters are not aware of which group the person they are recruiting will be assigned to.

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13
Q

Controlled clinical trials include…

A

RCTs and nonrandomized control trials.

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14
Q

What four groups can be blinded?

A

1) Participants
2) Interventionists
3) Assessors
4) Data analysts

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15
Q

What does a classic double-blind study include?

A

Participants and interventionists blinded.

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16
Q

What should be done when data is missing due to dropouts or protocol violations?

A

Conduct an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis.

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17
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

Cancers developing from epithelial cells

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18
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

Cancers developing from soft tissues (muscle, tendon, ligaments) and bone.

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19
Q

Leukemias?

A

Cancers developing from blood-forming tissue in bone marrow

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20
Q

Lymphomas?

A

Cancers developing from lymphocytes in lymph system (immune cells)

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21
Q

What causes cancers?

A

Inherited gene mutations account for 5%, environmental factors (smoking, UV) account for 29%, and random error during division accounts for 66%.

22
Q

Tope modifiable causes of cancer?

A 
Smoking
Obesity
Alcohol
UV
Inactivty
Diet
23
Q

What is tumor grade? What does it indicate?

A

Tumour grade is the degree to which tumour cells appear abnormal. Well-differentiated cells still appear fairly normal while poorly differentiated cells do not. Tumour grade indicates the aggressiveness of the tumour (how fast it will spread).

24
Q

2020 overall incidence rate of cancer

A

225,000

25
Q

4 most common cancers

A

Lung, breast, colorectal, prostate

26
Q

Why do men have a higher chance of getting cancer in almost all cancers of organs that are shared between sexes?

A

Men are generally larger than women, therefore they have more cells whose division can create random errors.

27
Q

The most common cancers:
Overall?
Women?
Men?

A

Lung
Breast
Prostate

28
Q

The lifetime probability of developing cancer in men is __ and in women is ___.

A

50% & 45%

29
Q

The lifetime probability for a woman to develop breast cancer is…

A

1/8

30
Q

The lifetime probability for a man to develop prostate cancer is…

A

1/7

31
Q

Mortality from cancer in 2020 is…

A

83,000

32
Q

The cancer responsible for the most deaths in 2020 was…

A

Lung cancer

33
Q

The lifetime probability of dying from cancer is __ in men and __ in women?

A

28% and 24%

34
Q

The trend in incidence and mortality from cancer…

A

When population growth and the ageing population are accounted for, both incidence and mortality are decreasing slightly (except for incidence in women which has slightly increased).

35
Q

The overall 5-year survival rate for cancer is…

A

63%

36
Q

How many cancer survivors are currently living in Canada?

A

~1.7 Million

37
Q

It is estimated that how many cancer survivors will be living in Canada in 2040?

A

~3 million

38
Q

The oldest and most common treatment for cancer

A

Surgery

39
Q

Surgery and radiation therapy are most effective for ____ cancers.

A

Localized

40
Q

The primary treatment for a solid tumour

A

Surgery

41
Q

Unit of measure for radiotherapy dose

A

Grays

42
Q

Chemotherapies target

A

Fast growing/replicating cells

43
Q

Healthy, fast growing cells often impacted by chemo

A

Hair follicles, GI tract cells, Mouth

44
Q

How many drugs are typically included in a chemo cocktail?

A

2-4

45
Q

Therapeutic advantage

A

Between doses of chemo, healthy cells are able to repair themselves and recover more than cancer cells.

46
Q

Drugs that reduce the immune system’s limits, allowing it to target cancerous cells that it recognizes as its own.

A

Checkpoint inhibitors

47
Q

Treatments that seek to eliminate the tumour

A

Primary therapy. Often surgery and radiation.

48
Q

Treatments that reduce tumous size and spread before the primary treatment

A

Neoadjuvant therapies

49
Q

Treatments that eliminate remaining cancer cells after primary treatment

A

Adjuvant

50
Q

When a tumour never responds to a treatment

A

De novo resistance

51
Q

At what grade of toxicity are cancer treatments usually altered or delayed?

A

Grade 3 (severe)

KIN 434 (5 decks)

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