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Morality > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tyler Cowan stories: #, problems (3), solution

A 
We think our world up in stories - you fit the world and your experiences into the same mould constantly
# = 7 
Probs: 
1) too simply, always about intention
2) too simplistic
3) outsiders can manipulate us (pruvit) 
Solution: get comfortable with messy
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2
Q

Cowan - moral psychology of stories

A
  • we care about how we are understood in MORAL terms
  • we make poorer decisions (based on story)
  • virtue signalling through altered stories helps us keep our good/moral persona
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3
Q

How do we simplify stories (6)

A
  • heuristics
  • attitude heuristic (your attitude about them is basis for evaluation of info Trudeau)
  • stereotypes (a liberal is…)
  • ad hominem (attacking motives vs position)
  • confirmatory bias (efficient processing)
  • emotions (gut feel)
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4
Q

ad hominem

A

attacking motives vs position

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5
Q

Definition of moral psyc

A

Adjective: Psyc process to define/experience qualifying themes (right/wrong, etc)

Noun: Psyc suggests morality can be internalized; process in becoming moral/moral conduct

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6
Q

Moral imperative

A

Psyc process for sense of ought.

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7
Q

Moral Psyc class defn

A

1) Psyc process in defining/experiencing people and conduct as good/bad; sense of OUGHT.
2) What it means to become/conduct as moral/immoral
3) Moral is understand as distal (mechanism) and proximal (social norms)

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8
Q

Distal

A

mechanism

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9
Q

Proximal

A

social norms

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10
Q

Philosophy theories of morality: NORMATIVE

A

Normative ethics: rationality, impartiality, logic, empirical

  • Ethical egoism
  • Utilitarianism
  • Kant categorical
  • Social contract
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11
Q

Philosophy theories of morality: META-ETHICS

A

Understanding nature of ethical conduct

- ie good v bad, wrong v right. universal v relative

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12
Q

Ethical egoism (normative)

A

Rational self interest

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13
Q

Utilitarianism (normative)

A

Greatest happiness for greatest number

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14
Q

Kant categorical

A

universality

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15
Q

Social contract

A

mutual benefit

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16
Q

Psyc in normative ethics

A

Psyc is a descriptive natural science

  • understanding human experience can help moral theories to be better grounded
  • moral theories based on human nature/psyc assumptions
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17
Q

Psyc in meta-ethics

A

Can be viewed assoc w/ethical naturalism - some things about humans are relevant to moral life; Psyc helps understand WHY

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18
Q

Is vs Ought perspectives (3)

A

Hume’s guillotine: sharp defn between the two; separate morality from natural world face (she is lying, lying hurts/should not lie, should stop)

Moore naturalistic fallacy: good/bad is construct with links to natural world (good is blue)

Pinker moralistic fallacy: if doesn’t exist in nature, its bad. (mercy kill/lions/good)

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19
Q

Latimer case:
Moral philosophy issues
How to get to morally acceptable position

A

Moral Phil:-

  • sanctity of life
  • discrimination of handicapped
  • slippery slope

Reason: 2 keys requirements

  • optimal stance thru reason/justification in support of principle
  • each person is equally important
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20
Q

Latimer case: Psyc considerations

A
  • suffering of children/sanctity of life - need to believe in a just world causes extreme reactions when assoc with children
  • frame of reference (jury or supreme)
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21
Q

Latimer: Psyc understanding and normative ethics - balancing considerations

A

Counterfactual thinking (can imagine alternative)

Emotionally charged (emotions as data)

22
Q

Trolley problem: moral psyc

A

2 different process systems(Greene):

  • sys1: close/personal = auto response, highly emotional (footbridge push man)
  • sys2: impersonal = more cognition/reason, less emotion (trolley switch)
23
Q

Deontological ethics

A

RULE based

In Trolley - don’t push fat guy)

24
Q

Consequentialism ethics

A

OUTCOME based

In Trolley - pull lever

25
Q

Religion and Psyc

A

Religion: morality in supernatural forms, requires no justification

Difference: Psyc/Phil require logic and justification, can’t answer re important of god

26
Q

Challenges for naturalistic accounts (normative/psyc) (5)

A
  • weak explanations
  • may counter existing more views
  • not directly observable
  • morality is complex
  • naturalistic methods difficult in studying morality (social desirability can be problem)
27
Q

Biology and Moral Psyc

A
  • bio can inform on human nature/morality: ie: self interest/corrupt
28
Q

2 areas where bio informs psyc

A

evolution

bio processes/neuro

29
Q

legitimate evolved mechanisms examples

A

fears, mate selection, homicide, altruism, paternity uncertainty

30
Q

Prob with Psyc in evolution

A

always post hoc

31
Q

Evo Psyc and morality examples

A

sympathy, altruism, cheer punishment, guilt, reciprocity, justice

32
Q

Adaptations: physical, psyc

A

Phys: bellybutton (by product), male nipples (noise)
Psyc: reciprocity: due to interconnectedness, only where adaptation is required

33
Q

moral experience and behaviour varies by: (3)

A

distal environ: ancestors
Proximal: where situation is relevant
Building override: behaviour modification

34
Q

Why study hominoids?

A

Behaviour is analogous (selection pressure, environ)

Behaviour is homogeneous (common ancestor, inherited)

35
Q

Frans de Waal study results (4)

A

Sharing/exchange
Conflict resolution
Community concern
Empathy/Sympathy/Consolation

36
Q

FdW: Sharing/exchange results

A

Reciprocal altruism

  • giving to non kin
  • expectation of reciprocity/mutual benefit

Fundamental adaptive evolution trait important for morality - can’t exist w/o;
also applies to harm/revenge

Capuchins: mostly female, passive sharing
- requires calculated reciprocity vs proximity

Conclusions:

  • calc reciprocity shows OUGHT creation (becomes a moral prob)
  • precursor to human justice
37
Q

FdW: Conflict resolution

A

Must have psyc tools to solve conflict
- in hierarchy, dominant resolves but more tools displayed where not hierarchical

Moral tools:
- reconciliation, conflict intervention, proactive intervention, mediation

Evidence:

  • friendly reunion (reconcil) Nikkie/Hennie
  • conflict intervention dominant - alpha male/2 juvies
  • proactive “ “ - dominant on behalf of victim
  • mediation - 2 fighting males, female intervenes
38
Q

FdW: community concern

A

Interventions suggesting need for quality of community - inhibit actions that influence group harmony

Evidence:

  • celebration after conflict
  • punish rule violators
  • indirect reciprocity
  • docile characters
39
Q

FdW: Empathy/Sympathy, Consolation

A

E/S co-evolved, although not necessary for other elements

Precursor: learned adjustment

Evidence:

  • succourant behaviour
  • console others
40
Q

Implications for FdW study for humans

A

Evidence of evolution, no thought required

Moral systems evolved to balance individual with social

Not mechanisms to control brutish behaviour

41
Q

FdW: Tendencies in human morality (4)

A

Sympathy, normative social rules, reciprocity, getting alone

42
Q

Where do humans exceed primates?

A

Cognitive empathy, internalize rules, sense of justice, anticipating resources needs for all

43
Q

Paper: Tooby

A

Interest in cognitive reciprocity as it relates to business

Brain is special evolved programs - action without thought

44
Q

Social contract theory

A

Once everyone has understanding, becomes a social contract

45
Q

Cheater detection

A

Reciprocal altruism

46
Q

Study: Tooby/Cosm

A

Ppl have confirmatory bias - used logic experiment to do a social contract version of it. 17 yrs and beer.

Design/features:

  • exchange elements
  • variable for perspective
  • rule specifies benefit
  • cheat violations must be intentional

Not explained by:

  • familiarity
  • logic
  • general permission rule
47
Q

Study Tooby/cos implications

A

Cheater detection works best in small groups - cog load too heavy when larger

In large groups, no transparency to catch cheaters

Have no comparable adaptations for procedureal requirements in contemporary

Free riders - punitive, meant to eliminate fitness advantage

Pure free riding designs may no longer exist - not small groups anymore, now have contingency (will I get caught)

48
Q

Moral sentiment: free riders

A

Punish free riders - - people willingg to cooperate in group goals BUT have punitive reaction to free riders

Preference for punishment - removes selective advantage

The more I contribute, the more I need to punish free riders.

Reward and punishment are not fungible/exchangable

49
Q

Free riders

A

Design need to account for variable levels of contribution, mechanism for free riding

50
Q

Conditions for evolution of morality

A

Group value, mutual aid, internal conflict

Morality (2 decks)

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