Health promotion: process of enabling people to increase control over + to improve their health (who) - change (Indiv) - prevention (pop) - awareness (health care prov)

- politics - environment - economics - health care - psychological factors - genetics - social factors - personal health behaviours

- access to records (must be kept on cloud in Canada) - know potential dangers/benefits - receive competent diagnosis and treatment - retain control/dignity - receive treatment to reasonable degree of care - designate person if cant make own decisions

Midterm 1 Flashcards by Camille Dela Cruz

4 health models

Illness/medical
Wellness
Prevention
Holistic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Illness model

Goal: prevent morbidity/mortality
Health: absence of disease = absence of signs/symptoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prevention model

Health promotion: process of enabling people to increase control over + to improve their health (who)

change (Indiv)
prevention (pop)
awareness (health care prov)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Wellness model

+ 7 dimensions

Health: complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing. Not just absence of disease(who)

spiritual
environmental
intellectual
social
physical
emotional
occupational

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Holistic model

politics
environment
economics
health care
psychological factors
genetics
social factors*
personal health behaviours*

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social determinants of health

employment status
education, early care in life
income inequality
marital status
housing/food security
ethnicity
sense of comm engagement
religion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Personal health behaviours

smoking
drinking
physical activity
diet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Life span vs life expectancy

Life span: max age a biological entity could live in ideal conditions - premature death not taken into account (death from accidents, illness) — aka: how long a person could live in an ideal ‘world’.
Life expectancy: average age a person could live to based on year they were born, current age, sex, sometimes geological situation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Major health challenges in Canada

-cancer/cvd
-pyll (potential years of life lost)
-sharp increase in chronic diseases (obesity + diabetes 2)
-hypertension
Mental health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1948

Health care system started by tommy Douglas - premier of sask

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1957

Insurance plan for physician services added to program

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1964

Federal govt pays for part of the plan

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1972

All provinces join plan - medical care act

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1985

Medical care act replaced by Canada health act

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Five principles of Canada health act

PADAPUC

portability
accessibility
public admin
universality
comprehensiveness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Public admin

Administered on non-profit basis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Universality

Residents are entitled to all insured health care services in their provinces/territory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Portability

If a Canadian moves - covered under the old one until waiting period is up

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Accessibility

Access must be provided when/where available

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Comprehensiveness

Health care plans must cover all inured services provided by hospitals/physicians + dental in hospital

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Medical rights

access to records (must be kept on cloud in Canada)
know potential dangers/benefits
receive competent diagnosis and treatment
retain control/dignity
receive treatment to reasonable degree of care
designate person if cant make own decisions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Services not covered in BC

-cosmetic surgery - unless medical
-dental - unless in hospital
-eye exams
Prescrip drugs
-alternative end

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pros of health care in canada

high quality professionals, places, equip
relatively equal access
high quality care
resources
low IMR

Cons health care in Canada

rising costs
long wait times
accessibility
need more drs

USA two tier system

- public — supported by taxes, Medicaid (low income), medicare (elderly) - private — faster, access to state of the art med, requires insurance, otherwise expensive

Hierarchy of evidence

1. Experimental 2. Epidemiological 3. Clinical 4. Personal 5. Anecdotal

Experimental

Controlled, well designed experiment based on scientific method - experimental + control groups - large sample size - randomization - placebo - blind/doubled blind/cross over

Epidemiological

Use data to examine associations b/w populations and disease

Clinical

What is evidenced in clinical practice

Personal

Something you have experienced

Anecdotal

Based on a story you hear

Assessing evidence. Veto?

V- valid E- evidence based T- trustworthy O- one-sided

7 ways to assess evidence

1. Source 2. Peer reviewed 3. Authors 4. Faulty reasoning 5. Evidence 6. Date 7. Bias

Blind experiment

Uses placebo - subjects dont know whether they are getting treatment or placebo

Double blind

Neither the subject or experiment knows which is placebo and which is treatment

Cross over

Part 1 - group receives placebo, other receives treatment | Part 2- switch

Infectious disease

Caused by infection

Links of infection

Pathogen - human #1 infected - portal of exit - transmission -portal of entry - establishment of disease in new host

First line of defence

``` Intact skin Cilia Mucous Elevated body temp Cough, tears, saliva ```

Second line of defence

``` Cell mediated immunity (macrophages and T cells) Humoral immunity (b cells- antibodies ) ```

Cell mediated immunity

- fight foreign tissue, cancer cells,parasites, fungi — T cells kill pathogens - macrophages surround and digest foreign matter — aid in humoral immunity by eating antibody bound pathogens

Humoral immuntiy

Antibodies stick to specific antigens, made by B cells - coat pathogens and make them clump together so pathogens cant infect new cells and can be more effectively eaten by macrophages

Antibodies vs antigens

Antibodies: destroy antigens, prodded by B cells and responds in exposure to antigens Antigens: markers found on pathogens

Atherosclerosis vs arteriosclerosis

FATTY deposits = narrowed artery | MINERAL deposits = hardening and thickening of artery bc of mineral deposits - irreversible

Development of atherosclerosis

1. Lesion in artery was 2. Build up of plaque 3. Macrophages 4. Migrations of smooth muscle cells

Risk factors for CVD

- Heart attack - stroke - blood pressure - cholesterol

CABG

Replacing blocked/ narrowed coronary arteries with healthy segments of other vessels

Angioplasty

Enlarging artery with balloon type instrument

Type 1 diabetes

Insulin not produced - genetic - injections

Type 2 diabetes

Body doesn’t respond to insulin - life style related - lifestyle mod

Ischemic stroke

Clot - disrupts blood flow to brain

Hemorrhagic stroke

Blood vessel reputures

Symptoms of stroke

- face drooping - arms - raise both - speech - slurred - vision - headache - dizziness

Symptoms of heart attack

- chest discomfort - neck, jaw, shoulder pain - shortness of breath - sweating - nausea - light headedness

Framingham study

Identify risk factors related to chronic diseases

Cancer

Uncontrolled growth and division of cells due to genetic (DNA) mutations