Midterm 1 Flashcards
What are the top 5 chronic diseases?
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Respiratory disease
- Diabetes
What is the Frieden pyramid?
- Lists 5 factors influencing public health from strongest contribution to fewer
1. Socioeconomic factors (increasing population impact)
2. Changing the context to make individual’s default decisions health
3. Long-lasting protective interventions
4. Clinical interventions
5. Counseling and education (increasing individual effort needed)
What are the various levels of prophylaxis?
Primary prevention ⟶ intercept the onset of disease
Secondary prevention ⟶ minimize consequences of disease through early detection and intervention
Tertiary prevention ⟶ mitigating the consequences of disease or an injury after late diagnosis
What is the definition of health promotion?
Process of understanding individual, environmental, and policy factors that influence health behaviour
What is the definition of PA?
Any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscles that increases energy expenditure above a basal level (eg. standing)
What are the classifications of PA depending on type of activity?
- Household (eg. sweeping the floor, vacuuming)
- Occupational (eg. lifting, carpentry, moving boxes, shoveling)
- Transportation (eg. commuting from place A to place B)
- Leisure-time (eg. exercise, sports, recreational activities)
- Exercise: a type of leisure-time PA that is structured and planned; done specifically to enhance fitness
What are the classifications of PA depending on intensity?
- Light (eg. slow walk, stretching)
- Moderate (eg. fast walk)
- Vigorous (eg. stationary bike)
What is the definition of intensity and the unit used to measure it?
- The amount of effort you put in to doing a physical activity
- Use Metabolic Equivalent Level (METs)
What is a MET?
- Unit is used to estimate amount of oxygen used/consumed by body during PA
- 1 MET = energy (oxygen) used by body as you sit quietly = 3.5 mL oxygen consumption/kg/min = 1 kcal/kg/hr
How do you classify intensity levels using MET values?
- Light intensity = <3 METs
- Moderate intensity =3-6 METs
- Vigorous intensity = >6 METs
What is a calorie? How many calories does a 70 kg person walking at 4 MET level burn per hour?
- Measure of energy from food (3500 kcal of food energy = 1 lb of body weight) or amount of energy expended during PA
- 280 kcal per hour (ie. 70 kg x 4.0 METs)
How do you calculate the functional capacity of someone using their maximal oxygen uptake?
- Remember 1 MET = 3.5 mL oxygen consumption/kg/min
- If someone has maximal oxygen uptake of 35 ml/kg/min, they would have a functional capacity of 10 METs
- Activities involving 10 METs would be this person’s maximum, but not recommended
What is the definition of sedentary behaviour?
Any waking behaviour with <1.5 MET value in a sitting or reclining position
Can sedentary behaviour coexist with high PA? Discuss.
- Sedentary behaviour can coexist with high PA (ie. you like to sit a lot but you have bouts of high PA)
- Sitting has negative implications even with PA (all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CVD itself, type 2 diabetes, cancer)
What types of PA are beneficial?
- Some PA is better than none; benefits increase as amount of PA increases (intensity, duration, or frequency)
- Substantial health benefits for adults with 140-300 minutes a week of MPA
- Both aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA are beneficial
- Even LPA; best if in bouts of at least 10 minutes rather than sporadic
What are the benefits of PA?
- Lowers risk of all-cause mortality, CVD, type 2 diabetes, cancers, obesity
- Improves cognition, quality of life, sleep, physical function
- LPA is inversely associated with mortality and can benefit insulin, fat mass, and WC
Why is it important to measure PA?
- Specify which aspects of PA (eg. cardio) are effective for particular health outcomes
- Determine prevalence of PA in population
- Monitor changes in PA over time
- Monitor effectiveness of interventions!
What are important things to consider when evaluating measures of PA?
- Validity
- Whether the measure actually assesses the construct you’re trying to measure
- Eg. pedometer may count brushing hair as actual steps - Reliability
- Consistency and stability of your measurements/results - Sensitivity to change
- Being non-reactive
- If you’re trying to see if intervention works, you don’t want the PA to be due to the act of wearing the measure - Being acceptable to respondent
- Acceptable cost of administration
What do pedometers measure?
Number of steps taken with horizontal, spring-suspended lever arm that is deflected when a subject’s hip accelerates vertically with a force beyond a chosen threshold
What are the benefits of pedometers?
- Best for documenting relative changes in PA or ranking individuals
- Motivates you to exercise
- Non-invasive, simple, low cost
- Can pick up short durations of PA
- Yield accurate data for running and walking (vertical motion)
What are the cons of pedometers?
- May be inaccurate for activities
- Can’t pick up all types of movements (horizontal motion)
- People may get obsessive
- Will not capture intensity
- Less data storage capacity than accelerometers
- Can induce reactivity
- Varying sensitivity between brands
What do accelerometers measure?
- Measures acceleration (how quick body changes speed)
- Single-axis ⟶ measure vertically
- Triaxial ⟶ measure anterior-posterior (forward/backward) + medial-lateral (side/side)
What is the unit used for accelerometers? What is the significance of the unit?
- Unit = “counts”
- Translated into a metric of interest that can be biological (eg. energy expenditure) or PA patterns (Eg. stationary)
- The higher the number of counts, the greater the intensity of activity
What are the benefits of accelerometers?
- Accurate
- Able to capture large amounts of data
- Easy
- Good for young children
- High validity