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Psychiatry 79 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the patients and what was the intervention in the Walch study on sunlight?

A

-Spinal cord patients were placed in hospital beds exposed to 46% more sunlight than control

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2
Q

What were the effects of sunlight exposure in the Walch study?

A
  • Patients consumed less pain medication
  • Experienced marginally less pain
  • Were less stressed out
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3
Q

What is the PERMA model of well-being?

A 
Positive emotions
Engagement 
Relationships
Meaningfulness
Accomplishments
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4
Q

How many synapses do neurons have on average?

A

Around 7000

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5
Q

What are the six majors regions of the neocortex?

A
  • Parietal lobe
  • Frontal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Cerebellum
  • Occipital lobe
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6
Q

What is the limbic system and what are the major brain regions involved?

A
  • Limbic system is everything connected to hypothalamus, which control emotions and basic drives
  • Amygdala
  • Anterior cingulate
  • Hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus
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7
Q

What brain regions were more connected in people with a growth mindset?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum

-

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8
Q

Both grit and growth mindset involved communication between which regions

A

DLPFC (planning) & dorsal striatum (habits)

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9
Q

What is the most common neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

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10
Q

What are the phenotypic effects of the depression risk gene?

A
  • Smaller size to amygdala and ACC, and uncoupling of ACC-amygdala communication
  • Short allele of serotonin transporter gene is less efficient.
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11
Q

To oversimplify, stress is mediated by the _________

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

What are two major stress hormones?

A

Cortisol and adrenaline

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13
Q

Neurological effects of exercise

A
  • Reduced thalamic GABA
  • Reduces cortisol
  • Increases endorphins
  • Increases endocannabinoids
  • Increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor
  • Boosts serotonin
  • Increases heart rate variability
  • Older adults had more PFC grey matter from midlife exercise
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14
Q

What part of the brain is most involved in goal-directed behavior

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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15
Q

Clinical evidence for orbitofrontal cortex involvement in self-control

A

Compared with healthy subjects, individuals with Online Gaming Addiction had significant gray matter atrophy in the right orbitofrontal cortex, (as well as bilateral insula, and right supplementary motor area)

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16
Q

Why is sleep restorative?

A

Cleans away metabolic junk via cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

For complex tasks, there is a U-shaped function of optimal performance

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

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18
Q

Neurophysiological correlate of controllability

A

And greater connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala

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19
Q

What brain region does gratitude affect?

A

Increases rostral anterior cingulate activity because positive things in life gain personal relevance

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20
Q

Brain regions involved in worry

A

Medial PFC and anterior cingulate

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21
Q

Brain regions involved in response to imminent danger

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, hypothalamus, insula

22
Q

Neural correlate of cognitive reframing

A

Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex mediates amygdala response

23
Q

Area involved in trying to make the best decision and area involved in trying to make a good enough decision

A

Emotional ventromedial PFC = optimal decision

Dorsolateral PFC = good enough decision

24
Q

Effects of oxytocin on caregivers listening to crying babies

A

Greater insula reactivity, and reduced amygdala reactivity in response to baby crying

25
Q

Child abuse survivors have less of which neurotransmitter?

A

Oxytocin

26
Q

OT reduces meth’s stimulation of which brain region

A

the nucleus accumbens

27
Q

Writing a thank you letter caused increase in what region of the brain? The effect lasted for at least how long?

A

rostral anterior cingulate; at least 3 months

28
Q

What area of the brain is activated by positive social feedback?

A

NAcc, similar striatum areas as winning money

29
Q

Being listened to increases _____ _____ activity as well as ____ activity

A

nucleus accumbens, insula

30
Q

Why is smiling contagious?

A

It activates mirror neurons

31
Q

Theory of mind includes which two brain regions

A

Dorsomedial pfc, temo-parietal junction - sense of self

32
Q

Music correlates positively with which brain regions?

A

nucleus accumbens, insula, acc

33
Q

Music correlates negatively with which brain regions?

A

Amygdala

vmPFC

34
Q

What are the physiobehavior effects of awe

A

Improves mood
Increases altruism
Improves immune function
Increases parasympathetic activity

35
Q

which brain regions are important in awe

A

Striatum
Parts of the lateral PFC (imagination)
Hippocampus

36
Q

Parts of brain implicated in default mode network that are deactivated from awe

A

Posterior cingulate and mPFC

37
Q

11 Elements of flow

A

There are clear goals every step of the way
There is immediate feedback to one’s actions
There is a balance between challenges and skills
Action and awareness are merged
Distractions are excluded from consciousness
There is no worry of failure
Self-consciousness disappears
The sense of time becomes distorted
The activity becomes for it’s own sake (autotelic)

38
Q

Benefits of art expression

A 
Reduced stress
Elevated mood
Improved cognition
Greater enjoyment
Enhanced empathy
39
Q

benefits of art appreciation

A

Reduced anxiety
Elevated mood
Greater productivity
Improved theory-of-mind

40
Q

How does music affect two neurotransmitters?

A

cortisol down, oxytocin up

41
Q

Smart phone addicts have reduced impulse control

And reduced ____ and ____ _____ gray matter

A

Smart phone addicts have reduced impulse control

And reduced ACC and PFC gray matter (mPFC, DLPFC)

42
Q

Online game addicts have reduced gray matter in what regions

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

Insula

43
Q

– Students who have smart phone addiction have which 3 problems

A

higher anxiety, depression, and sleep problems

44
Q

The working memory uses which brain region

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

45
Q

Brain regions involved in theory of mind

A

dmPFC
Orbitofrontal cortex
TPJ
Anterior VLPFC (more abstract)

46
Q

Brain regions involved in mirror neuron system

A

Premotor cortex

Posterior VLPFC

47
Q

Social emotions engage which brain regions

A

premotor area, SMA, inferior frontal gyrus

48
Q

Hearing fake laughter activates which brain regions?

A

dmPFC and ACC

49
Q

Which 4 factors come from divorce?

A

Contempt
Criticism
Defensiveness
Stonewalling

50
Q

What brain regions in listener lagged behind speaker?

A

Insula, parietal regions, nucleus accumbens

51
Q

What brain regions in listener preceded speaker

A

mPFC, orbitofrontal, dlPFC, nucleus accumbens

Psychiatry 79 (2 decks)

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