Midterm 1 Flashcards
Who were the patients and what was the intervention in the Walch study on sunlight?
-Spinal cord patients were placed in hospital beds exposed to 46% more sunlight than control
What were the effects of sunlight exposure in the Walch study?
- Patients consumed less pain medication
- Experienced marginally less pain
- Were less stressed out
What is the PERMA model of well-being?
Positive emotions Engagement Relationships Meaningfulness Accomplishments
How many synapses do neurons have on average?
Around 7000
What are the six majors regions of the neocortex?
- Parietal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Cerebellum
- Occipital lobe
What is the limbic system and what are the major brain regions involved?
- Limbic system is everything connected to hypothalamus, which control emotions and basic drives
- Amygdala
- Anterior cingulate
- Hypothalamus
- Hippocampus
What brain regions were more connected in people with a growth mindset?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum
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Both grit and growth mindset involved communication between which regions
DLPFC (planning) & dorsal striatum (habits)
What is the most common neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
What are the phenotypic effects of the depression risk gene?
- Smaller size to amygdala and ACC, and uncoupling of ACC-amygdala communication
- Short allele of serotonin transporter gene is less efficient.
To oversimplify, stress is mediated by the _________
hypothalamus
What are two major stress hormones?
Cortisol and adrenaline
Neurological effects of exercise
- Reduced thalamic GABA
- Reduces cortisol
- Increases endorphins
- Increases endocannabinoids
- Increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor
- Boosts serotonin
- Increases heart rate variability
- Older adults had more PFC grey matter from midlife exercise
What part of the brain is most involved in goal-directed behavior
Orbitofrontal cortex
Clinical evidence for orbitofrontal cortex involvement in self-control
Compared with healthy subjects, individuals with Online Gaming Addiction had significant gray matter atrophy in the right orbitofrontal cortex, (as well as bilateral insula, and right supplementary motor area)
Why is sleep restorative?
Cleans away metabolic junk via cerebrospinal fluid
For complex tasks, there is a U-shaped function of optimal performance
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Neurophysiological correlate of controllability
And greater connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala
What brain region does gratitude affect?
Increases rostral anterior cingulate activity because positive things in life gain personal relevance
Brain regions involved in worry
Medial PFC and anterior cingulate
Brain regions involved in response to imminent danger
Amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, hypothalamus, insula
Neural correlate of cognitive reframing
Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex mediates amygdala response
Area involved in trying to make the best decision and area involved in trying to make a good enough decision
Emotional ventromedial PFC = optimal decision
Dorsolateral PFC = good enough decision
Effects of oxytocin on caregivers listening to crying babies
Greater insula reactivity, and reduced amygdala reactivity in response to baby crying
Child abuse survivors have less of which neurotransmitter?
Oxytocin
OT reduces meth’s stimulation of which brain region
the nucleus accumbens
Writing a thank you letter caused increase in what region of the brain? The effect lasted for at least how long?
rostral anterior cingulate; at least 3 months
What area of the brain is activated by positive social feedback?
NAcc, similar striatum areas as winning money
Being listened to increases _____ _____ activity as well as ____ activity
nucleus accumbens, insula
Why is smiling contagious?
It activates mirror neurons
Theory of mind includes which two brain regions
Dorsomedial pfc, temo-parietal junction - sense of self
Music correlates positively with which brain regions?
nucleus accumbens, insula, acc
Music correlates negatively with which brain regions?
Amygdala
vmPFC
What are the physiobehavior effects of awe
Improves mood
Increases altruism
Improves immune function
Increases parasympathetic activity
which brain regions are important in awe
Striatum
Parts of the lateral PFC (imagination)
Hippocampus
Parts of brain implicated in default mode network that are deactivated from awe
Posterior cingulate and mPFC
11 Elements of flow
There are clear goals every step of the way
There is immediate feedback to one’s actions
There is a balance between challenges and skills
Action and awareness are merged
Distractions are excluded from consciousness
There is no worry of failure
Self-consciousness disappears
The sense of time becomes distorted
The activity becomes for it’s own sake (autotelic)
Benefits of art expression
Reduced stress Elevated mood Improved cognition Greater enjoyment Enhanced empathy
benefits of art appreciation
Reduced anxiety
Elevated mood
Greater productivity
Improved theory-of-mind
How does music affect two neurotransmitters?
cortisol down, oxytocin up
Smart phone addicts have reduced impulse control
And reduced ____ and ____ _____ gray matter
Smart phone addicts have reduced impulse control
And reduced ACC and PFC gray matter (mPFC, DLPFC)
Online game addicts have reduced gray matter in what regions
Orbitofrontal cortex
Insula
– Students who have smart phone addiction have which 3 problems
higher anxiety, depression, and sleep problems
The working memory uses which brain region
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
Brain regions involved in theory of mind
dmPFC
Orbitofrontal cortex
TPJ
Anterior VLPFC (more abstract)
Brain regions involved in mirror neuron system
Premotor cortex
Posterior VLPFC
Social emotions engage which brain regions
premotor area, SMA, inferior frontal gyrus
Hearing fake laughter activates which brain regions?
dmPFC and ACC
Which 4 factors come from divorce?
Contempt
Criticism
Defensiveness
Stonewalling
What brain regions in listener lagged behind speaker?
Insula, parietal regions, nucleus accumbens
What brain regions in listener preceded speaker
mPFC, orbitofrontal, dlPFC, nucleus accumbens
