Final Flashcards
What are the four genetic effects of short depression gene allele?
Depression risk gene variant confers smaller size to amygdala and ACC, and uncoupling of ACC-amygdala communication
Short allele of serotonin transporter gene is less efficient.
Short allele carriers show significantly less functional coupling between amygdala and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex than Long/Long individuals
What is the name of the framework used to analyze body image?
Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
What are the three aspects of the Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image?
Peers
Parents
Media
What three neural effects were observed from introspective meditation?
Increased insula activity
Decreased mPFC activity during introspection
Decreased communication between mPFC and insula
What brain areas are involved in reducing stress and making relationships rewarding
Limbic system
Nucleus accumbens
Neural impact of childhood neglect in Romanian orphanage
15% less grey matter
Larger relative amygdala size
social exclusion activates what brain region?
dACC
social support has what neural impact?
reduces cortisol reactivity as well as dACC reactivity in cyberball
Behavior effect of child licking in mice
- More exploratory
- More resilient
- Lick own kids
- Less fear response
- Lower stress hormones
what did the switched at birth study show about mice exploration?
- Anxious mice raised by anxious mothers were anxious
- But all mice raised by exploratory mothers were exploratory
What brain structure releases oxytocin?
hypothalamus
What two effects does oxytocin have?
Increased attachment, trust and protective instincts
Decreased stress, pain and drug cravings
What 5 behavioral stimuli release oxytocin?
Breastfeeding Hugs/light caresses Sex When someone shows they trust you Talking
What region of the brain do hypothalamic oxytocin neurons project to?
ventral tegmental area (VTA) where dopamine is produced
Direct infusion of OT into VTA increased dopamine signal in the ____
Direct infusion of OT into VTA increased dopamine signal in the nucleus accumbens
What brain region showed less activity afer application of oxytocin?
right amygdala
Oxytocin causes growth of new neurons in ______
hippocampus
Anxious-resistant: typically explore ___ and is often ___ of strangers, even when the caregiver is present. When the caregiver departs, the child is often ___ ____. The child is generally _____ when they return
Anxious-resistant: typically explore little and is often wary of strangers, even when the caregiver is present. When the caregiver departs, the child is often highly distressed. The child is generally ambivalent when they return
Anxious-avoidant: ____ or ____ the caregiver – showing ___ _____ when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will ___ ______ very much regardless of who is there.
Anxious-avoidant: avoid or ignore the caregiver – showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there.
The quote: “I am comfortable without close emotional relationships”. “I prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me.” describes which attachment style?
dismissive avoidant
The quote: “I am somewhat uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but I find it difficult to trust others completely, or to depend on them. I sometimes worry that I will be hurt if I allow myself to become too close to others.” describes which attachment style?
Fearful-Avoidant
The quote: “I am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but I sometimes worry that others don’t value me as much as I value them.”describes which attachment style?
Anxious-Preoccupied
Secure: explore freely while the caregiver is ___, typically _____ ___ strangers, is often ____ ____ when the caregiver departs, and is generally ____ to see the caregiver return
Secure: explore freely while the caregiver is present, typically engages with strangers, is often visibly upset when the caregiver departs, and is generally happy to see the caregiver return
During cyberball activity in dACC and insula correlates positively with ______ ______
Correlates negatively with ______ _____
Activity in dACC and insula correlates positively with anxious attachment
Correlates negatively with avoidant attachment
in men with negative relationships, OT _____ positive feelings
decreased
Which hormone is reduced in attraction?
serotonin
oxytocin has also been suggested to play a role in _______
oxytocin has also been suggested to play a role in ethnocentrism
