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Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A
  1. Chemical uniqueness
  2. Complexity and hierarchical organization
  3. Reproduction
  4. Possession of a genetic program
  5. Growth
  6. Metabolism
  7. Environmental interaction
  8. Movement
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2
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that encodes for an amino acid

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3
Q

What does define the correspondence between sequence of nucleotides in DNA and sequences of amino acids in proteins?

A

Genetic code

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4
Q

Who are autotrophs?

A

Plants, algae, many bacteria and some unicellular eukaryotes

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5
Q

Does all bacteria are heterotrophs?

A

No

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6
Q

Does all unicellular eukaryotes are autotrophs?

A

No

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7
Q

Do single ocelled organisms undergo developement?

A

Yes, they still grown (ex: phase, divisions)

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8
Q

What is the study of organism interaction with the environment?

A

Ecology

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9
Q

What are the ways that plans move?

A
  1. Shoots grow
  2. Flowers open and close
  3. Leaves turn towards the sun
  4. Climbing plants have tendrils that reach out until they have something to grip onto
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10
Q

When did the earth formed?

A

4.6 billion years ago

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11
Q

Was there atmosphere on early earth?

A

No, neither soil or oceans.

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12
Q

When did life formed and from what?

A

4 billion years ago from primordial soup

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13
Q

What is the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis?

A

Organic compounds characteristic of life formed slowly over time from simple molecules present in the prebiotic environment.

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14
Q

Who came out with the primordial soup theory?

A

Oparin and Haldane

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15
Q

What were the components of early atmospheres?

A
  1. Water vapor
  2. Hydrogen gas
  3. Ammonia
  4. Carbon dioxide
  5. Methane
  6. LIMITED oxygen
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16
Q

Who tested the primordial soup theory?

A

Miller and Urey

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17
Q

What produced the Miller and Urey experience?

A

Carbon dioxide was transformed into organic compounds such as amino acid, urea, and fatty acids, essential components of life.

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18
Q

What were the compounds and energetical source in Miller and Urey experience?

A
  1. Water vapor
  2. Ammonia
  3. Methane
  4. Hydrogen

energetical source: electrical sparks

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19
Q

What term describe one part soluble in water and another part insoluble in water?

A

Amphiphilic

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20
Q

What is the second stage in origins of life?

A

Formation of polymers (e.g: proteins and nucleic acids)

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21
Q

Was the early atmosphere reducing or oxidizing?

A

Strongly reducing (lack of oxygen, was giving electrons)

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22
Q

Could life on earth start again?

A

No. Present atmosphere is too oxidizing.

Molecules necessary for life can’t be synthesized outside cells because the presence of oxygen make them unstable.

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23
Q

What were the necessary steps for life to occur?

A
  1. Simple organic molecules
  2. Complex organic molecules
  3. Cells
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24
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that encode for an amino acid

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25
Q

What is the best estimate of number of species on Earth?

A

8 million species of eukaryotes.

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26
Q

What describes the formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reaction?

A

Chemical evolution (first step in the development of life)

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27
Q

What describes the process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes?

A

Organic evolution

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28
Q

Who came independently from Darwin with the conception of natural selection?

A

Wallace

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29
Q

True or False?

Natural Selection was accepted before Evolution as a theory.

A

False

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30
Q

What are the foundations of evolution theory?

A
  1. Geology: history of life is long and changing
  2. Economics (Malthus): population pressures, human populations grow faster than resource
  3. Embryology: Similarities between organisms
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31
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

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32
Q

What explains adaptation?

A

Natural selection

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33
Q

What describes a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment?

A

Adaptation

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34
Q

What is the process by which features acquire functions for which they were not originally adapted or selected?

A

Exaptation

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35
Q

What use is a rudimentary feather?

A

Thermoregulation

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36
Q

Is evolution random?

A

No. Genetic variability has a random aspect because mutations are random. However, the force that drives evolution is natural selection and it’s not random.

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37
Q

True or false?

Most mutations are favorable.

A

False. Most mutations are unfavourable or neutral.

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38
Q

What are the evolutionary theories accepted as having universal application throughout the living world?

A
  1. Perpetual change
  2. Common descent
  3. Multiplication of species
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39
Q

What are the evidence for common descent?

A
  1. Conserved genetics (codon usage among living things)

2. Homology

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40
Q

Define homology.

A

Similarity of parts/organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part/organ in a common ancestor.

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41
Q

What defines the developmental history of an organism throughout its entire life?

A

Ontogeny

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42
Q

What defines the evolutionary history of a species?

A

Phylogeny

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43
Q

Do ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny?

A

No, but it does provide evidence for common descent.

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44
Q

True or false?

Behavioral factors can be a biological factor that prevent interbreeding.

A

True

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45
Q

What are the two ways that allopatric speciation can occur?

A

Vicariant speciation and Founder effect.

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46
Q

What speciation describes the ancestral population geographically divided and isolated subpoplations evolve reproductive barriers between them?

A

Allopatric speciation.

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47
Q

True or false?

In vicariant population, fragments of the ancestral population are left intact.

A

True

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48
Q

What describes a speciation from diverging lineages co-occupy a geographic area?

A

Sympatric speciation.

Different individuals within a species become specialized for occupying different components of the environment.

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49
Q

Which type of speciation might iguanas floating leads to ?

A

Allopatric: founder effect.

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50
Q

What type of speciation might geographic separation of caribbean leads to?

A

Allopatric: vicariant

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51
Q

What type of speciation eurasian blackcap is an example of? Is it due to reproductive or geographic barriers?

A

It’s sympatric speciation because it’s on the same land, and it’s reproductive barrier.

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52
Q

True or false?

Gradualism is not supported by the fossil record.

A

True

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53
Q

Describes gradualism.

A

Theory like what small changes accumulate slowly over time.

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54
Q

What describes the pertains to evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within population?

A

Microevolution

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55
Q

What describes the pertains to evolution on a long timescale?

A

Macroevolution

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56
Q

What are the patterns in macroevolution?

A
  1. Stasis
  2. Lineage splitting
  3. Extinction
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57
Q

What are the evolutionary fates for every species?

A
  1. Give rise to new species

2. Become extinct

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58
Q

What is a punctuated equilibrium?

A

Long period of stasis, punctuated by a brief event of speciation

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59
Q

How long does a species survive on average?

A

5-10 million years (stasis)

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60
Q

How long lasts speciation on average?

A

10 000 - 100 000 years (event of speciation)

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61
Q

Since how long the coelacanths exist?

A

80 million years

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62
Q

In what way does the metaphoric tree of life fall appart?

A
  1. Branches are not equal
  2. No central trunk
  3. No directionality
  4. Some line goes from one branch to the other
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63
Q

True or false?

Character similarity resulting from common ancenstry is the definition of homology.

A

True

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64
Q

What name do we give to non-homologous similarities that may be found in various organisms?

A

Homoplasy

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65
Q

True or false?

Characters that build up the evolutionary tree can be behavioural

A

True

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66
Q

What defines the branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among various biological species?

A

Phylogenetic tree

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67
Q

What defines the diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relationship between organisms?

A

Cladogram

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68
Q

What is a clade?

A

A unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage and all descendents.

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69
Q

Defines character

A

Organismal feature that varies between species

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70
Q

What defines all other variant forms of the character that arose later within the group?

A

A derived character

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71
Q

What type of clade defines the most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor?

A

Paraphyletic clade

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72
Q

What type of clade defines a most recent common ancestor that is not included ?

A

Polyphyletic clade

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73
Q

Defines taxonomy

A

Study of the principles of scientific classification, systematic ordering and naming of organisms

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74
Q

What is the fundamental way that we classify organisms in biology?

A

It’s based on evolutionary relationships

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75
Q

What is the science of classification of organisms based on common evolutionary descent?

A

Systematics

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76
Q

Who is the Father of taxonomy?

A

Linneaus

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77
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms in the 5 kingdoms system?

A
  1. Metazoa
  2. Plantae
  3. Fungi
  4. Protista
  5. Monera
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78
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms system?

A
  1. Metazoa
  2. Plantae
  3. Fungi
  4. Protista
  5. Bacteria
  6. Archea
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79
Q

Which kingdoms are also domains?

A

Bacteria and archea

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80
Q

What is the simple definition for species?

A

Group of organisms that are capable of producing a fertile offspring

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81
Q

What name do we give to offspring produced by mating of individuals from two different species?

A

Interspecific hybrid

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82
Q

What are the requirements biologists agree to define a species?

A
  1. Individual descend from a common ancestral population
  2. Reproductive compatibility
  3. Genotypic and phenotypic cohesion
83
Q

What is the sexual reproduction?

A

Fusion of 2 gametes

84
Q

True or false?

Asexual reproduction doesn’t exist in vertebrate

A

False, it is rare but it does exist.

85
Q

Does asexual reproduction involve gametes?

86
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Quick and energy efficient

87
Q

True or false?

Sexual reproduction takes about three time as long as asexual reproduction in species that do both?

A

False, twice as long

88
Q

What is the phenomenon describes by the accumulation of deleterious mutations?

A

Muller’s Ratchet

89
Q

What is the Muller’s ratchet?

A

The accumulation of deleterious mutation

90
Q

What is the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

The accumulation of deleterious mutations

91
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Ability to mix and match (more novel genotypes)

92
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Energetically costly

2. Males do not directly produce offspring

93
Q

True or false?

The main disadvantages of sexual reproduction is the energetically cost.

A

False.

The main disadvantage is that males do not directly produce offspring

94
Q

What type of asexual reproduction is common among bacteria and protozoa?

A

Binary fission

95
Q

What type of asexual reproduction occurs in hydra?

96
Q

Does gemmulation occur in sponges?

97
Q

Fragmentation occurs in what species?

A

In many anemones and sea stars

98
Q

What type of reproduction describes an embryo develops from unfertilized egg?

A

Parthenogenesis

99
Q

Define parthenogenesis

A

Embryo develops from unfertilized egg, sperm may activate but not fuse with egg

100
Q

Are monoecious organisms hermaphroditic?

101
Q

T/F

There is no monoecious vertebrates.

A

False

Some fishes are.

102
Q

T/F

In oviparous eggs, the fertilization is external.

A

False

It can be internal or external

103
Q

Does ovoviviparous fertilization internal?

104
Q

From where does come derive nourishment in ovoviviparous eggs?

105
Q

What is the organic vessel where the embryo develops?

106
Q

What is the female reproductive/germ cell?

107
Q

T/F

Gamete can be diploid

108
Q

T/F

There is no organelles in eggs

A

False

There is cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles and yolk.

109
Q

The vegetal pole is where there is the most…

110
Q

The animal pole is where there is the most..

111
Q

What type of eggs do we have in echinoderms and molluscs?

A

Isolecithal, like in mammals.

112
Q

What type of egg describes an abundance of yolk densely concentrated at a vegetal pole?

A

Telolecithal

113
Q

Lots of yolk exhibit X development

A

direct (telolecithal)

114
Q

Little yolk exhibit X development

A

indirect (isolecithal, mesolecithal)

115
Q

What is indirect development?

A

Passes through larval stage capable of feeding itself

Undergoes metamorphosis

116
Q

T/F

Cell division occurs more easily in yolk than in cytoplasm.

A

False

Cell division occurs more easily cytoplasm than in yolk.

117
Q

What is the type of cleavage that defines a complete and approximately equal divisions of cells?

A

Holoblastic

118
Q

What is the type of cleavage that describes a division of cell restricted to a small area of egg?

A

Meroblastic

119
Q

Associate the type of eggs with there division

A 
Holoblastic = isolecithal and mesolecithal
Meroblastic = centrolecithal and telolecithal
120
Q

What is the name of the zygote at the end of the cleavage?

A

Blastula, made out of blastomeres

121
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

It converts the blastula into a two or a three-layered embryo

122
Q

How many germ layer does a blastula have?

123
Q

What is the name of the opening cavity in the blastula?

A

The blastopore

124
Q

What is the name of the process where one side of the blastula bends inward ?

A

Invagination

125
Q

What is the name of the outerlayer cells of lining blastocoel?

126
Q

What is the name of the innerlayer cells linning gut?

127
Q

T/F?

All sponges have only one germ layer.

A

False, some are diploblastic

128
Q

What is the first event in organogenesis and from which tissue?

A

Formation of nervous system from ectoderm.

129
Q

What is the first functional organ and from what tissue?

A

Hearth, from mesoderm

130
Q

What is the name of the cavity completely suronded by mesoderm?

131
Q

From what tissue does the coelom in schizocoely form?

132
Q

From what tissue does the coelom in enterocoely form?

133
Q

What are the two types of coelom formation?

A

Schizocoely and enterocoely

134
Q

What are the two types of specification?

A

Cytoplasmic and conditional

135
Q

What describes the capacity of some cell to evoke a developmental response in other cells?

136
Q

Cytoplasmic specification leads to what kind of development?

137
Q

Conditional specification leads to what kind of development?

A

Regulative

138
Q

Can individual blastomere in cytoplasmic specification produce a whole embryo?

139
Q

Do all metazoa have the presence of blastula and gastrula stages?

140
Q

What is the name of a free-swimming ciliated marine larvae characteristic of most molluscs and marine worms?

A

Trocophore

141
Q

Protostomes are divided in which two major classes?

A

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

142
Q

Does ecdysozoa ehibit spiral cleavage?

A

Some but not all.

143
Q

What kind of cleavage occurs in most deuterostomes?

A

Radial cleavage

144
Q

What kind of development do most lophotrochozoans protostomes undergo?

A

Mosaic development

145
Q

Platyhelminthes are more likely too undergo what kind of development?

146
Q

Echinodermata are more likely to undergo what kind of development?

A

Regulative

147
Q

T/F

All deuterostomes are ceolomate

148
Q

T/F

All metazoa are multicellular

149
Q

What is the name that we give to plant-like unicellular eukaryotes?

A

Protophyta

150
Q

Are protozoa from the same ancestor?

A

No, they are not monophyletic.

151
Q

What is a protozoa?

A

An animal-like unicellular eukaryotes

152
Q

Protozoa font partis de quel kingdom?

153
Q

What kind of group are protozoa?

A

Paraphyletic

154
Q

What are the disadvantages of being unicellular?

A
  1. Limited size
  2. Shorter life span
  3. No division of labour
155
Q

What are the advantages of being unicellular?

A
  1. Rapid reproduction

2. Minimal resources required

156
Q

Cilia and flagella are refered to as?

A

Undulipodia

157
Q

What are the two types heterotrophs can be?

A
  1. Holozoic

2. Saprozoic

158
Q

What is a feeder that ingest visible food particle?

159
Q

What is a feeder that ingest food in a soluble form?

160
Q

Where does phagocytosis occur in amoebas?

A

Anywhere along the membrane

161
Q

Where does the phagocytosis occur in many unicellular eukaryotes?

162
Q

Where does undigestible matter is expelled in protozoans?

163
Q

T/F

All protozoans do asexual reproduction

164
Q

Does some protozoans reproduce sexually?

165
Q

What types of asexual reproduction do protozoans?

A
  1. Binary fission
  2. Multiple fission
  3. Budding
166
Q

What is are the types of reproduction in paramecium?

A

Binary fission

167
Q

What is the name of temporary union of two ciliate protozoa for the purpose of exchanging chromosomal material?

A

Conjugation

168
Q

T/F

Apicomplexa is a species

A

False.

Apicomplexa is a phylum of parasitic protistes.

169
Q

T/F

All apicomplexa are endoparasites

170
Q

What are the name of parasite that live outside the host?

A

Ectoparasite

171
Q

What is the reproducion of apicomplexa?

A

Both asexual and sexual

172
Q

What is the phylum of plasmodium malaria?

A

Apicomplexa

173
Q

What is the definition of a definitive host?

A

Where the sexual reproduction occurs, where symbiont matures and reproduce

174
Q

What is the definition of an intermediate host?

A

Where the asexual stage occurs, if no sexual reproduction, but in which maturation and sexual reproduction do not occur

175
Q

What groups are fungi, metazoa, and choanoflagellates?

A

Opisthokonta

176
Q

What is the level of organismal complexity in a protozoa ?

A

Protoplasmic

177
Q

Name an organism that show colonial cellular complexity.

A

Choanoflagellates

178
Q

What is the level of organismal complexity in cnidarians?

A

Cell-tissue

179
Q

What is the level of organismal complexity in platyhelminthes

A

Tissue-organ

180
Q

True or false?

All fungi are multicellular

181
Q

T/F?

Fungi are chemoheterotrophs.

182
Q

T/F

Fungi do intracellular digestion

A

F

Extracellular digestion

183
Q

What is an assemblage of cells embedded in a extracellular matric ECM and supported by a skeleton of minute needlelike spicules and protein?

184
Q

What is an extracellular matric?

A

A collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides strucural and biochemical support to the surronding cells.

185
Q

What are the tree form of porifera?

A

Asconoid: flagellated spongeol
Syconoid: flagellated canals
Leuconoid: flagellated chambers

186
Q

From where does water enter in an asconoid sponges?

A

Ostia (one ostium)

187
Q

From where does water is pulled out in a asconoid sponges?

188
Q

Define the current of water in asconoid sponges

A

ostia, spongoceol, osculum

189
Q

What is the water movement in syconoid sponges?

A
  1. Incurrent canals
  2. Prosopyles
  3. Radial canal
  4. Apopyles
  5. Spongocoel
  6. Osculum
190
Q

T/F

There is only one osculum in leuconoid.

191
Q

T/F

There is no spongocoel in leuconoid sponges

192
Q

What is the name of epithelial type cells in sponges?

A

Pinanocytes

193
Q

Porocytes are cells in what type of sponges

194
Q

What are the name of flagellated collar cells in sponges?

A

Choanocytes

195
Q

What are the cells that move through mesohyl for transport of food and oxygen?

A

Archaeocyte

196
Q

What is the major structural protein in ECM of sponges?

197
Q

T/F

All sponges secretes spongin

A

False

Only demospongiae

198
Q

T/F

Sponges eat by diffusion

199
Q

T/F

All sponges reproduce sexually and sexually

200
Q

T/F

Most sponges are dioecious

A

F

Most sponges are monoecious

201
Q

What kind of aseuxal reproduction do sponges?

A
  1. Fragmentation
  2. Budding
  3. Gemmulation
202
Q

What cells are mostly present in gemmules sponges?

A

Archaeocytes

203
Q

From what cell sperm and oocytes emerged in sponges?

A

Choanocytes and sometimes archaeocytes

204
Q

T/F?

Most sponges are ovoviviparous

A

F

Most sponges are viviparous. The

Organisms 2 (2 decks)

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