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Organisms 2 > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Which appendages replace jaws in Chelicerates?

A

Chelicerae

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2
Q

How many pairs of antennae do Myriapods have?

A

1 pair

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3
Q

What subphylum do horseshoe crabs belong to?

A

Chelicerates

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4
Q

How many pairs of walking legs do organisms from Subphylum Hexapoda have?

A

3 pairs

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5
Q

What is the exoskeleton of the horseshoe crab made from?

A

Chitin

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6
Q

Name the tagmata found in organisms belonging to subphylum Myriapoda.

A
  1. Head

2. Trunk

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7
Q

Name the tagmata found in organisms belonging to subphylum Crustacea.

A
  1. Cephalothorax

2. Abdomen

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8
Q

Name the two chambers of the stomach of crayfish.

A
  1. Cardiac stomach

2. Pyloric stomach

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9
Q

Name the tagmata found in organisms from Subphylum Hexapoda.

A
  1. Head
  2. Thorax
  3. Abdomen
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10
Q

What is the role of tympana?

A

Used for hearing

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11
Q

What is the role of the gill bailer?

A

To draw water (and thus oxygen) into the gill chambers (crayfish)

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12
Q

What is the role of the telson in the horseshoe crab?

A

Anchoring in sand, ploughing through the sand and righting the animal when it flips over

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13
Q

What is the role of the pedipalps in the male horseshoe crab?

A

To hold onto the female as she carries the male onto the shore to reproduction.

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14
Q

What is the role of spinnerets?

A

Produce silk (making webs, wrapping preys and encasing eggs).

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15
Q

What is the role of pleopods?

A

They are used to transfer sperm from genital opening to the female (crayfish)

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16
Q

Name 3 different appendages found in the cephalothorax of the crayfish.

A

I. Rostrum
II. Chelipeds
III. Walking legs

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17
Q

Name 2 specimen from lab that have a telson.

A
  1. Horseshoe crab

2. Crayfish

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18
Q

Name specimen from Arthropod’s lab that has book lungs.

A

Garden spider (chelicerates)

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19
Q

Define tagmata.

A

Tagmata are the body unit of Arthropoda. They result from the reduction and fusion of metameres into distinct functional body units.

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20
Q

Name 2 characteristics that generally make spiders sexual dimorphic.

A
  1. Size: Males are much smaller than females

2. Pedipalps: Males have modified pedipalps to transfer sperm into the female epigyne

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21
Q

Name two phyla that are being studied in Lab 1

A

I. Cnidaria

II. Porifera

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22
Q

Name three anatomical features that allow protozoans to move

A

I.Pseudopodia (Amoeaba)
II. Cilia (Paramecium)
III. Flagellum (Trypanosoma)

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23
Q

What environmental condition is required for anatomical features that allow protozoans to move to function?

A

A fluid environment

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24
Q

What is the feeding process used by amoeba?

A

Phagocytosis

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25
Q

Which of the following protozoans cannot reproduce sexually: paramecium, trypanosome and amoeba?

A

Amoeaba (binary fission)

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26
Q

What is the term for the fluid material found inside an amoeba?

A

Endoplasm

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27
Q

Name two functions of choanocytes.

A

I. Draw water into in from the incurrent canals (Poriferans)
II. Trapping food particles and oxygen

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28
Q

Give an example of a species from Lab 1 that is monoecious.

A

Hydra sp (however, other species of Hydrozoans can be dioecious)

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29
Q

Give an example of a species from Lab 1 that is dioecious

A

Moon jelly sp. (class Scyphozoa, phylum Cnidaria)

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30
Q

What are the two typical Cnidarian body forms?

A

I. Polyp (sessile)

II. Medusa (free-swimming)

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31
Q

Define spongocoel

A

Body cavity in Poriferans where radial canals open through small opening called apopyles

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32
Q

What type of skeleton do hydrozoans and scyphozoans use to maintain their form?

A

Hydroskeleton

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33
Q

What is the role of contractile vacuoles?

A

Contractile vacuoles are responsible for maintaining the osmotic balance (pumping excess water when needed). They can be found in Paramecium (Protozoa)

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34
Q

Which group of organisms in Lab 1 has a cellular-level of biological organization?

A

Poriferans

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35
Q

What are the two types of structures that can act as support for a sponge?

A

I. Spicules (Scypha sp)

II. Spongin

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36
Q

Define nematocyst

A

A nematocyst is the stinging organelle enclosed in the cnidocytes of Poriferans. It is triggered when the cnidocil is disturbed. Nematocyst can be used to hold a prey or to inject a paralyzing toxin.

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37
Q

Do hydrozoans reproduce sexually, asexually, or both?

A

Both

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38
Q

Define rhopalium

A

Rhopalium is a bundle of sensory structures that can be found at each junction of the margin in moon-jelly (medusa form). It is consisted of a statocyst for balance and orientation and an ocellus for light perception

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39
Q

Does the moon jelly have a larval stage?

A

Yes

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40
Q

Which three classes of Cnidaria are represented in Lab 1?

A

I. Hydrozoa
II. Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) (Aurelia abrita aka moon jelly)
III. Anthozoa (sea anemone)

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41
Q

What is the difference between an animal with tissue-level organization and one with cellular-level organisation?

A

Cellular-level organization: Multi-cellular organisms with specialized cells not organized into tissues

Tissue-level: Multi-cellular organisms where similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns or layers without organs.

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42
Q

What is the difference between a protozoan, metazoan and eumetazoan? Provide examples of each.

A

Protozoa: single-celled ex: Amoeba, Paramecium, Trypanosoma
Metazoans: Cellular-level organization ex: Porifera
Eumetazoans: Tissue-level organization ex: Hydra

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43
Q

Name three ways that Protozoans can move in their environments. What shared environmental “requirement” is necessary for these different methods/structures to work?

A

I. Pseudopodia
II. Cilia
III. Flagella

*Fluid environment

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44
Q

Describe how water moves into, and out of, a poriferan (sketch and label if you like). Name two functions of choanocytes during this process?

A

Incurrent canals, prosopyles, radial canals, apopyles, spongocoel and finally out through osculum.
Choanocytes = draw water in + trap food and oxygen

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45
Q

Define triploblastic:

A

Organism that have three germ layers

46
Q

Name a phylum that includes triploplastic organisms that do NOT have a coelom (acoelomate).

A

Platyhelminthes: flatworms

47
Q

Which of the following is NOT a Mollusc: Chitons, Snails, Planaria, Cuttlefish:

A

Planaria (Platyhelminthes)

48
Q
  1. Which of the following is a function of auricles?
    a) Used for touch
    b) Used for hearing
    c) Used for olfaction
    d) a and c are correct
    e) b and c are correct
A

d) Touch and olfaction

49
Q

Name a specimen from Platyhelminthes and Molluscs lab that doesn’t have a circulatory system.

A

All organ-level organization don’t have a circulatory system : Platyhelminthes (planaria) , Nematoda (roundworm). All mollusques have open circulatory system

50
Q

What are chromatophores?

A

Specialized pigment cells that allow the animal (squid) to rapidly change the color of their skin.

51
Q

What is the role of the pneumostome?

A

Allows air to enter a highly vascularised section of the mantle cavity where gas exchanges take place. Found in snails.

52
Q

What is the function of the radula?

A

It provides some mechanical breakdown of food (grinding action) before digestion. Found in snail.

53
Q

What is the role of a siphon?

A

Siphons in molluscs are tube-like structures in which water flows (or more rarely in which air flows). . Water is forced from the siphon to create jet-propulsion (locomotion function).

54
Q

Which specimen from Phylum Mollusca has a parasitic larval stage?

A

Mussel

55
Q

Do all molluscs have shells?

A

No.

56
Q

What is the role of a rostellum?

A

Help animal to adhere to the host intestine so it can feed (hook). Found in tapeworm)

57
Q

The body of a tapeworm can be divided into three main sections. Name them.

A

The strobila, the neck and the scolex.

58
Q

What symmetry do Platyhelminthes, Nematoda and Molluscs have?

A

Bilateral symmetry

59
Q

Name 2 specimens that use a muscular foot for locomotion.

A

Snail and freshwater mussel.

60
Q

What is the oldest part of the snail shell?

A

The apex

61
Q

What is the oldest part of the mussel shell?

A

The umbo

62
Q

What is the purpose of the squid’s ink sac?

A

To eject ink to escape predators : the squid can eject a cloud of ink through its siphon to startle predators and to create a smoke screen while it escapes.

63
Q

Which organisms seen in lab with Platyhelminthes, Nematoda and Molluscs breath with gills?

A

The mussel and the squid.

64
Q

What are metameres?

A

Repeated and homologous body segments. Found in Annelida.

65
Q

What type of skeleton do annelids posses?

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

66
Q

Which class of annelids is only found in marine environments?

A

Polychaeta

67
Q

What is the name of the segment of the clamworm that contains the mouth?

A

Peristomium (Gr. peri=around, +stoma=mouth)

68
Q

Name two functions of an annelid’s cuticle

A

I. Structural support

II. Protection from the environment

69
Q

Which organism(s) from Annelids and Echinodermata’s lab have/has parapodia?

A

Clamworm (a polychaete)

70
Q

What is the basic mechanism for respiration in annelids?

A

Diffusion

71
Q

Which two organisms that we examine in Annelids and Echinoderms lab have a clitellum?

A 
>Earthworm (class Oligochaeta, Annelida)
>Leech (class Hirudinida, Echinodermata)
72
Q

Which phylum and class do sea cucumbers belong to?

A

Phylum Echinodermata, class Holothuroidea

73
Q

What is a nephridium?

A

Essentially, it is kind of a mini-kidney that is involved in waste excretion . Found in each body segments of earthworms.

74
Q

Do annelids have a closed or an open circulatory system?

A

Closed circulatory system

75
Q

Which phylum and class do leeches belong to?

A

Phylum Annelida, class Hirudinida

76
Q

What type of symmetry is displayed by echinoderms?

A

Larvae is bilateral symmetry, adults display pentaradial symmetry

77
Q

Name three structures associated with the water vascular system.

A

I. Tube feet
II. Radial canal
III. Madreporite

78
Q

What are the two sections of a starfish’s stomach?

A

I. Pyloric stomach

II. Cardiac stomach

79
Q

Describe one way that you can differentiate between the dorsal and ventral side of an earthworm.

A

The more flattened side is the ventral side.

80
Q

What is the function of the gizzard in the earthworm?

A

Physical digestion (grinding) of the food takes place within the gizzard

81
Q

What is the function of the seminal receptacles?

A

These are female organs that store the sperm after copulation

82
Q

Which phylum and class does the sea urchin belong to?

A

Phylum echinodermata, class Echinoidea

83
Q

TRUE or FALSE. All Chordates are vertebrates.

A

False

84
Q

Which specimens from chordate’s lab are not vertebrates?

A

Sea squirt and lancelet.

85
Q

Name a specimen from Lab 5 that is jawless

A

Lamprey

86
Q

Which organism from chordate’s lab is parasitic?

A

Lamprey

87
Q

What is the role of the velum?

A

Uses muscular action to create water currents over the gills in lamprey

88
Q

What is the function of the endostyle?

A

Involved in feeding for tunicates and lamprey larvae, homologous to typhoid gland in vertebrates

89
Q

Which type of scales are typical of class Chondrichthyes?

A

Placoid scales

90
Q

Which term refers to the electromagnetic sensors in a shark?

A

Ampullae of Lorenzini

91
Q

What is the term for the gill cover in bony fishes?

A

Operculum

92
Q

What can be sensed by the lateral line?

A

Vibrations and pressure gradients

93
Q

What is the role of pyloric caeca?

A

Secretes digestive enzyme in the stomach in perches.

94
Q

Which structure allows the perch to maintain neutral buoyancy?

A

Swim bladder

95
Q

How many chambers are found in the perch heart?

A

2

96
Q

What is the term for the third transparent eyelid in a frog?

A

Nictitating membrane

97
Q

How many chambers are found in a frog heart?

A

3

98
Q

How many chambers are found in the mammalian heart?

A

4

99
Q

Name a specimen from chordate’s lab that uses negative pressure breathing.

A

Rat

100
Q

What are the components of the axial skeleton (name three)?

A
  1. Skull
  2. Vertebrae
  3. Ribs
101
Q

What are scutes?

A

What covers turtles shell, homologous to dermal scales in other reptiles.

102
Q

What are the components of the appendicular skeleton (name three)?

A
  1. Pectoral
  2. Pelvic
  3. Limb bones
103
Q

What is the class name of bony fishes?

A

Actinopterygii

104
Q

What is the class name of cartilaginous fishes?

A

Chondryichthyes

105
Q

What is the class name of jaw less fish?

A

Petromyzontida

106
Q

What are the 2 finger-like structure near the perche’s stomach?

A

Pyloric ceca (secrete digestive enzymes into the stomach).

107
Q

What brings oxygen to frog intestine?

A

Mesentery

108
Q

What are the organs unique to rats?

A
  1. Cecum (breaking down of cellulose)

2. Vesicular glands

109
Q

What is the female structure in the garden spider?

A

Epigyne

110
Q

What is the name of the pincers in crab?

A

Cheliped

Organisms 2 (2 decks)

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