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BIO 4320 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an Atom?

A

Made up of protons (+), neutrons, and electron(-)

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2
Q

What is the Atomic Number?

A

the number of protons gives the atom its density

- determined by the number of protons

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3
Q

What does the atomic number determine?

A

Determines the identity of the element

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4
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

determines the sum of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

What is radioisotope?

A

Unstable isotope. It decays, which is when the nucleus disintegrates releasing energy and particles from the nucleus
- Different number of neutrons

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6
Q

Alpha particles

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons

  • or a helium atom
  • Atomic number greater than 82
  • Large heavy particles
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7
Q

Beta particles

A

electrons

  • light, high speed charged particles
  • changes the atomic number and elemental status of isotope
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8
Q

Gamma rays

A

fixed wavelength energy

- Produces an isotopic change rather than an elemental one

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9
Q

32P

A

Labeled virus, DNA, entered bacteria

- Hershey and Chase

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10
Q

15N

A

label DNA, protein

- Mesostolic experiment

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11
Q

Natural occurring stable isotopes

A

2H, 13C, 15N

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12
Q

Isotopes

A

have a different number of neutron

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13
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

ions created the alpha, beta, and gamma emission knockout electrons

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14
Q

What is thin layer chromatography?

A

Stationary phase: layer of sorbent spread over surfaces such as glass, foil, or plastic surfaces.
Absorbants: very fine particles of silica, cellulose, or other

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15
Q

Why is TLC better over paper chromatography?

A
  1. You can separate very small amounts of material
  2. TLC has greater solving power (better separation is due to very fine particles that create a large surface area due to the high ratio of sorbent to solute)
  3. wide choice of solvents
  4. easy detection spots
  5. Easy isolation of substance separated
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16
Q

What is size exclusion or Gel filtration chromatography?

A

separate molecules based on size and also shape

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17
Q

What is ion exchange chromatography?

A

to separate molecules based on charge and density

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18
Q

Cation exchange

A

positive charged molecules

- negative charge bead

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19
Q

Anions

A

negative charged molecules

- positive bead

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20
Q

Strong ion exchangers

A

used when molecules resist drastic pH changes (AA)

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21
Q

Weak ion exchangers

A

Used when molecules do not resist pH changes (proteins)

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22
Q

if your pH>pI, what exchanger would you use?

A

anion exchange

23
Q

What is the pI of a protein?

A

When the pH at which the molecule has a net charge of zero

24
Q

pH>pI

A

anion

25
Q

pH

A

cation

26
Q

Why is affinity chromatography?

A

Separates solutes within a mixture based on their affinity (attraction) to one another

27
Q

if the protein is stable at pHs above the pI

A

anionic (positive) exchanger

28
Q

If protein is more stable below isoelectric point

A

cation (negative) exchanger

29
Q

Kd?

A

dissociation constant

30
Q

Kd range for affinity chromatography?

A
  • Kd>10^-4

- Kd<10^-8

31
Q

What if the Kd is grater than 10^-4?

A

too weak of binding

32
Q

What if the Kd is less than 10^-8

A

can’t elute because too strong of binding

33
Q

Non-selective eluting

A
  • pH

- ionic strength

34
Q

Selective elution

A
  • competing molecule

- enzymatic digestion

35
Q

What is HPLC?

A

High performance (pressure) liquid chromatography

36
Q

HPLC

A

results in high resolution, sharp peaks. It also yields rapid separation and can be used with very small amounts of materials. Can be used for all types of chromatography.

37
Q

Basic principle of HPLC

A

the resolution increases with increasing length of column and of theoretical plates/ unit length. If the size of the matriculates particle decreases, this increases the surface area increasing the number of theoretical plates

38
Q

How is HPLC different from regular chromatography?

A
  • small sample size needed
  • Small elution volume
  • High resolution
  • High reproducibility
  • Rapid time of reaction
39
Q

Gas chromatography phases

A

Stationary phase: liquid/ solid

Mobile phase: Gas (inert)

40
Q

Gases used for has chromatography?

A
  • N2
  • CO2
  • Ar
  • He
41
Q

What is gas chromatography?

A

to separate volatile compounds from eachother other

42
Q

What is Beer-Lambert Law?

A

the absorbance is directly proportional to the other parameters, as long as the law is obeyed.

43
Q

Beer-Lambert Law Equation

A

A= ebc

44
Q

A

A

absorbance

45
Q

e

A
  • is a measure of the amount of light absorbed per unit concentration
  • is the molar absorptivity with units of L mol^-1cm^-1
46
Q

b

A

the path length of the sample

47
Q

c

A

concentration of the compound in solution, mol^-1

48
Q

What is molar absorptivity?

A

a constant for a particular substance, so if the concentration of the solution is halved so is the absorbance

49
Q

High molar absorptivity

A

very effective at absorbing light

50
Q

Solving for molar absorptivity

A

e= a/ (bc)

51
Q

Reverse phase

A

uses non-polar stationary phase and polar mobile phase

52
Q

Chromatography

A

separate solutes from one another within a sample using a specific solvent and matrix
Stationary phase: matrix
Mobile phase: solvent

53
Q

2D TLC

A

two solvents are used for seperation

BIO 4320 (2 decks)

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