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BIOL 261 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mendel’s first law

A
  • discrete units called genes
  • have variants called alleles
  • diploidy have 2 copies of the gene
  • segregate independently (during meiosis)
  • unite at random
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2
Q

What is the genotype ratio and phenotype ratio of a heterozygous cross for a single gene?

A

Génotype: 1:2:1

Phenotype: 3:1

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3
Q

What is the cross of 2 homozygous in single gene?

A

All heterozygous

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4
Q

What is the cross of 2 heterozygous?

A

3: 1 phenotype
1: 2:1 genotype

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5
Q

What is the cross of a homozygous recessive and heterozygous? In single genes?

A

1: 1 phenotype (50% Aa - 50% aa)
1: 1 genotype

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6
Q

What is mendels second law?

A

Différent gene combination assort independently in gamete formation and in fertilization (need to multiply probabilities of the genes independently)

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7
Q

In two genes - results of crossing 2 heterozygous genes?

A

9:3:3:1

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8
Q

In two genes, cross of 1 heterozygousand one homozygous? (Test cross)

A

1:1:1:1

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9
Q

What is a test cross?

A

To check if the parent is heterozygous, where the recessive will show up in the progeny

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10
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

Two heterozygous genes crossing

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11
Q

Probability of two independent events occurring together is the product of their ____

A

Individual probabilities

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12
Q

Probability of A and B occurring is?

A

A x B

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13
Q

Probability of A or B occurring is

A

(P)A + (p)B

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14
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

22 autosomal - one sex one

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15
Q

What are the three types of centromeres?

A

Telocentric (at the end)
Afrocentric (close to end)
Meta centric (center)

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16
Q

What is a dyad? What is the individual chromosome called?

A

A chromosome pair attached at centromere

A chromatid

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17
Q

What are the stages of the life cycle?

A

Mitosis
G1
Synthesis
G2

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18
Q

What are the differences between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Meiosis:

  • align from top to bottom where crossing over can occur
  • 2 divisions
  • results in 4 haploid gametes

Mitosis

  • align left to right
  • 1 division
  • results in identical daughter cells as parents (diploid)
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19
Q

Know the stages of mitosis!!

A

1

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20
Q

Organelle chromosomes are inherited from

A

Material gametes
Do not exist in pairs and are similar to bacteria
Do not follow mendel’s 3:1 ratio

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21
Q

When there is a deviation from the 9331 or 1111 ratios ___

A

Suspect linkage of genes

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22
Q

How do you calculate the % recombinants?

A

Add all recombinants and divide by their sum

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23
Q

How do you calculate the interference?

A

1- observed cross over / expected cross over

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24
Q

What is the chi square test for?

A

Décide if a real data set matches the theoretical

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25
Q

What is the equation for chi square?

A

Sum of (Observed - Exp)power of 2 /expected
And look at degree of freedom (# of classes -1)
Table - cut off is 5%
Accept or reject the null hypothesis

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26
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes that are physically located on the same chromosomes and are therefore linked by the DNA between them

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27
Q

When given the % recombinant, you are given the___

A

Distance between the two genes (map unit)

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28
Q

When two genes are linked they ___ assort independently

A

Do not

But produce recombinant frequency of less than 50%

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29
Q

The further the distance between two genes…. the___

A

Most likely that a cross over will take place

30
Q

What is a 3 point test cross?

A

To deduce if the 3 genes are linked and their orde r+ distance

31
Q

Double recombinants will have the ___ sequence as parents?

A

The same

32
Q

What is the difference in bacterial chromosomes?

A 
Haploid
Circular
No nucleus or organelles
Their genes is the phenotype
Often uses e-coli
33
Q

What are the three different classes of genes in bacteria?

A

1- resistance to antibiotics
2- requirement of nutrients (phototrophs/autotrophs)
3- ability to grown on compounds as sole carbon source

34
Q

What s a phototroph?

A

Wild type that grows on Minimal medium

35
Q

What is an auxotroph ?

A

Mutant that needs supplements or they will not grow

36
Q

Bacteria mating is under the control of a___

A

Fertility factor

37
Q

What is an épisome (plasmid)

A

Freely replicating circular piece of DNA

38
Q

What is a high frequency recombinant factor?

A

Ability to promote a high frequency recombination by integrating in the recipient chromosomes

39
Q

What is the incoming linear DNA called?

A

Exogenote

40
Q

What is the recipient circular DNA called

A

Endogenote

41
Q

How is an exogenote integrated?

A

By double cross overs

42
Q

How can a gene order in bacteria be determined?

A

By the time it takes to transfer different genes to recipient strain

43
Q

What are the different kinds of genetic information transfer in bacteria?

A
  • Conjugation (plasmid + fertility factor)
  • Transduction (with bacteriophages)
  • Transformation
44
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

When the phenotype of the heterozygous is intermediate between the two homozygotes

45
Q

What is the ratio of a codominance?

A

1:2:1

46
Q

What is recessive lethal alleles?

A

Recesssive homozygous causes death

47
Q

An allele that affects to traits is called?

A

Pleiotropic

48
Q

What is the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis?

A

Genes encode enzymes that process synthesis

49
Q

What is a complement test?

A

Crossing two indi for different recessive mutations, if progeny is wild type (normal) they are said to be complemented

50
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Allèles of one gene masks the facets of alleles of another gene

51
Q

What is the ratio of recessive epistasis? Dominant?

A

9: 3:4
12: 3:1

52
Q

What are the different gene interactions?

A
  • complete dominant
  • incomplete dominance
  • co-dominance
  • recessive lethal
  • 3 or more allés of a single gene
  • multiple genes that affect the same trait
  • epistasis
53
Q

When there are multiple allés for one gene, what ratios do we see?

A

3:1, 1:1, 1:2:1

54
Q

What ratios do we see when multiple genes affect the same trait?

A

9:3:3:1

55
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Individual will be white for c, no matter what the b gene says

56
Q

What is the DNA molecule made up of?

A
  • Nitrogenous base pairs - that attach by hydrogen bonding to each other (from different strands)
  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • phosphate groups
57
Q

Does A = T or = G or = C

A

A=T
G=C
1-(G+C) = (A+T)

58
Q

how does replication occur?

A
  • Unwinding of DNA strands into two, that will become a template (Leading + landing strands)
  • ## nucleotides are added from a pool of nucleotides (from
59
Q

What enzyme unwinds the double helix?

A

Topoisomerase

60
Q

What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonding of 2 strands

A

Helicase

61
Q

What is a primer?

A

DNA or RNA
Synthesized by primase
Becomes the Okasaki fragment

62
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Synthesize DNA
Central enzyme in replication
Fastest at replicating is POLIII

63
Q

What direction does DNA polymerase move on leading strand?

A

5’ to 3’

64
Q

What substrate is used to add nucleotide?

A

Triphosphate

65
Q

What is the role of POL I?

A

To remove rna at 5’ end and fill gap

66
Q

What enzyme joins adjacent fragments?

A

DNA ligand

67
Q

Both POL I and III possess what that helps in proofreading?

A

Exonuclease - which serves as proofreading

POL I is primarily involved in DNA repair, removal and new synthesis

68
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organic or chromosomes replication

A

Eu - multiple origin

Pro - one origin

69
Q

What is the Telomerase used for?

A

Helping te lagging strang synthesis which cannot proceed all the way to the tip.
It uses a primer - to add multiple copies of a single non coding sequence to the DNA at the chromosome tips.

70
Q

What does a telomerase do?

A

Reverse transcription - fills terminal gaps

BIOL 261 (2 decks)

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