Final Exam Flashcards
What did Mendel study by looking at peas compared to yeasts
Diploid organisms, whereas yeast were haploid
What are mendel’s two laws?
Equal transmission: same number of genes are transmitted
Independent assortment: segregation of one gene is independent of the segregation of the other gene
What are alleles?
The different forms of one genes a diploid organism can have
When looking at inheritance of genes, we are looking at what type of cell?
We are looking at reproductive cells (gametes)
Each gamete of has ____ chance to have either member of a gene pair
Equal
When do gametes unite at random?
During fertilization
What is the pattern of inheritance when looking at one gene with two alleles
3:1 or 1:1
What is a pedigree analysis?
When looking at a family tree and the pattern of inheritance
What progeny do we see when crossing two homozygote, one dominant, one recessive?
All heterozygous
What progeny do we see when crossing two hétérozygote?
3:1 phenotype
1:2:1 genotype
1/4 homo dominant, 1/2 hétérozygote, 1/4 homo recessive
What progeny do you get with crossing hétérozygote with homo recessive?
1:1 progeny
This is called a test cross?
What does a test cross tell you?
If you progeny has half one phenotype and half the phenotype of homo recessive, then the cross with done with a heterozygote
If they all give the other phenotype, you know the cross was done with a homozygote dominant individual
how do you find the probability of a progeny with 2 genes that are unlinked ?
You multiply the probability of each gene genotype
What are the expected ratio for crossing two heterozygote genes with two heterozygote genes?
9:3:3:1
What is the progeny for one homo and one hetero?
1:1:1:1
How do you count the number of possible combination of gametes?
Multiply the # of gametes of one individual of different genes, with the # of gametes of other individual of different genes
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes?
Prokaryotic have circular chromosomes, eukaryotic have linear
What is a karyotype?
The complete set of chromosomes of a organism. Gives structure and number of chromosomes
Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes?
23 - 22 autosomal and 1 pair that is sex linked
What are the different types of centromeres?
Telocentric
Afrocentric
Meta centric
What results from mitosis?
Two daughter cells that have the same diploid genetic material
What results from meiosis?
2 cell divisions that results in 4 haploid gametes (reproductive cells that will fuse)
What occurs in the following stages of mitosis?
Prophase: chromosome condense, nuclear membrane breaks
Métaphase: nuclear spindle becomes prominent, chromosomes move at equatorial plane
Anaphase: pairs of sister chromatids separate
Telophase: nuclear membrane reforms around each daughter cell, by end, cytoplasm has been divided
In meiosis or mitosis can chromosomes cross over?
In meiosis, because of the way they align