Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology 1110 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Geology

A

the study of the Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

scientific method

A

the derivation of an answer from a series of Qs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

scientific method steps (8)

A
  1. Q
  2. collect info
  3. generalize (eg. line of best fit)
  4. present an answer to hypothesis
  5. test it
  6. revise your answer
  7. theory
  8. law (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why study geo? (4)

A
  1. scientific curiosity
  2. env protection
  3. natural resources
  4. natural hazard awareness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

earth parts (4)

A
  1. crust
  2. mantle
  3. outer core
  4. inner core
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

oceanic crust features (6)

A
  • location: ocean basins
  • mafic
  • black
  • 7-10km thick (thinner)
  • melting point of about 1300 deg C (higher)
  • higher density (about 3.0g/cm^3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

continental crust features (6)

A
  • location: emergent land masses
  • felsic
  • white
  • 25-70km thick (thicker)
  • melting point of about 700 deg C (lower)
  • lower density (about 2.7g/cm^3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

plate techtonics

A

the theory that the eths crust is broken up to pieces/plates that move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mineral

A

a natural substance composed of a specific ratio of chem elements arranged in a reoccurring crystalline structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rock

A

an aggregate of one or more minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

magma

A

melted rock inside the eth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lava

A

melted rock at or near the surface of the eth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

igneous rocks

A

form when melted rock cools and solidifies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

rock types (3)

A
  1. igneous
  2. sedimentary
  3. metamorphic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

form when a pre-existing rock is weathered, eroded, transported, deposited, or precipitated, and then lithified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

weathering

A

how a rock falls apart/disintegrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

erosion

A

the way rock fragments are set in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

transport

A

the way in which rock fragments move once they are in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

deposition

A

how a rock fragment stops moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

precipitation

A

the creation of a new mineral crystal from elements in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lithification

A

the transformation of loose sediment into solid rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

metamorphic rock

A

form when a pre-existing rock is altered by heat and pres (w/ no sig melting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

geological time scale (definition)

A

system of chronological measurement of the history of life (and extinctions) on eth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

anthropocene epoch (5)

A
  1. radiation (5:45am July 21 1945 first test of nuclear weapon)
  2. carbon
  3. charcoal
  4. concrete
  5. plastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how fast do plates move?

A

about 1-6cm per yr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

1500’s

A

European exploration of the atlantic ocean (maps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

1700-1800’s

A

industrial revolution; exploration for resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

1915

A

Alfred Wegener publishes The Origin of Continents and Oceans (continental drift)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

continental drift theory was at first not well received b/c Wagener could not explain (2)

A
  • the driving force btwn plate motion

- what was going on in the oceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

1945-1960

A

improvements in tech and understanding -> today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the driving force behind plate motion

A

temp diffs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how plates move (4)

A
  1. hot, liq rock rises by convection
  2. rising body of rock cools as it approaches the surface (slows and is pushed sideways by rock beneath it)
  3. cooler, heavier rock sinks back into the mantle
  4. overlying crust is broken and pulled apart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

convection currents

A
  • cycle of moving rock in the mantle

- driving force behind plate motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

4 types of plate margins

A
  1. convergent
  2. divergent
  3. transform
  4. passive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

3 types of convergent plate margins

A
  1. oceanic vs continental
  2. oceanic vs oceanic
  3. continental vs continental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

continental vs oceanic convergent plate margin

A
  • oceanic plate is subducted b/c it is heavier
  • continental plate thickens
  • mountains created
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

oceanic vs oceanic convergent plate margin

A
  • chain of volcanic islands on the non-subducted plate is an island arc
  • japan & aleutan islands in alaska
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

continental vs continental convergent plate margin

A
  • no subduction, melting, or volcanism

- himalayas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

divergent plate margin

A

where plates pull apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what happens at the rift between diverging plates?

A

as magma/lava is introduced into the rift and cools, new oceanic crust is created, which is then carried away by plate motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

transform plate margin

A
  • plates move past each other side to side

- no subduction melting or volcanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

passive plate margin

A

non active plate margin where 2 plates are joined and moving as a single unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

you can tell the orientation of the eths magnetic field by looking at what?

A

the arrangement of Fe in the rocks made at that time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what causes plate motion? (3)

A
  1. convection currents
  2. ridge push
  3. slab pull
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

ridge push

A

as the ridge is pushed up, gravity pulls down and outward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

slab pull

A

thick, old, heavy crust slides back into the mantle, pulling the rest of the plate w/ it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

hot spots

A

areas of increased volcanism unrelated to plate margin (eg. volcanism in Hawaii)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

asthenosphere

A

a layer of semi-liquid rock found in the lower crust and upper mantle over which continental crust can move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the asthenosphere based on?

A

density of mineral content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where does the asthenosphere form?

A

a depth where minerals begin to melt (between the mantle and crust)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what controls the melting of minerals?

A

heat and pres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

heat

A
  • geothermal grad
  • causes minerals to melt
  • inc w/ depth inside the eth
  • near the surface the rate of temp inc is 25 deg C/km
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

pres

A
  • prevents minerals from melting
  • inc w/ depth inside the eth
  • stops a rock from melting b/c if there is no room to expand they cannot melt
54
Q

8 most common elements in the eths crust

A
  1. O
  2. Si
  3. Al
  4. Fe
  5. Mg
  6. Ca
  7. Na
  8. K
55
Q

what % of the eths crust do oxygen and silicon make?

A

78%

56
Q

8 most common minerals in the eths crust

A
  1. quartz
  2. plagioclase feldspar
  3. potassium feldspar
  4. muscovite
  5. olivine
  6. pyroxene
  7. horneblende
  8. biotite
57
Q

felsic minerals contain more Al and are white. name 4

A
  1. quartz
  2. plagioclase feldspar
  3. potassium feldspar
  4. muscovite
58
Q

mafic minerals contain more Mg + Fe and are black. name 4

A
  1. olivine
  2. pyroxene
  3. horneblende
  4. biotite
59
Q

why are the 8 common minerals referred to as “silicate minerals”?

A

their bases and Si & O

60
Q

crystalline structure

A

how a minerals grows

61
Q

what shape is the basis for the crystalline structure in silicate minerals?

A

the tetrahedron

62
Q

where are mafic minerals found?

A

oceanic crust

63
Q

where are felsic minerals found?

A

continental crust

64
Q

where are ultramafic minerals found?

A

mantle

65
Q

oxides

A

based on O

66
Q

sulfates

A

based on S + O

67
Q

sulfides

A

based on S

68
Q

native metals (3)

A
  1. gold
  2. silver
  3. copper
69
Q

carbonates

A

based on C + O

70
Q

igneous intrusive rocks

A

form when magma cools and solidifies deep inside the eth

71
Q

factors affecting the formation of magma (4)

A
  1. heat
  2. pres
  3. presence of volatiles, such as w
  4. type of minerals in the rock
72
Q

which will form first, mafic or felsic minerals?

A

mafic (oceanic crust)

73
Q

w (2)

A
  1. promotes melting

2. deep inside the eth is superheated

74
Q

felsic minerals melt at

A

lower temps (700 deg C)

75
Q

mafic minerals melt at

A

higher temps (1300 deg C)

76
Q

when magma cools, what forms?

A

rocks & minerals

77
Q

Bowen’s rxn series

A

a way of relating the 8 most common silicate minerals to explain how they form (olivine -> quartz)

78
Q

pluton

A

solidified magma

79
Q

country rock

A

what the pluton intruded into

80
Q

the contact

A

the surface that separated the pluton from the country rock

81
Q

the chill zone

A
  • the outer layer of pluton next to eht country rock

- small crystals b/c it cooled quicker

82
Q

baked zone

A
  • part of the country rock around the pluton

- affected by the heat of the pluton -> changes colour

83
Q

xenolith

A

a piece of country rock included in the pluton that was engulfed during formation

84
Q

rocks and minerals formed from plutons typically have what size crystals?

A

coarse/large due to the long amounts of time it takes for the magma to cool and solidify into a pluton

85
Q

decompression melting

A

a rock will melt when pres drops

86
Q

when does decompression melting occur?

A

when a rock is moved closer to the surface, where pres is less

87
Q

flux melting

A

melting inc when w is added

88
Q

factors that affect magma once it forms (3)

A
  1. partial melting
  2. mixing magmas
  3. assimilation
89
Q

partial melting is when?

A

only part of the parent material melts

90
Q

how do you know when magma is felsic in composition?

A

when it partially melts (felsic melts first)

91
Q

magma mixing

A

magmas of diff mineral composition meet and mix to form a 3rd type

92
Q

assimilation

A

the inclusion of other rocks/minerals, usually from the country rock, that will change the composition of the magma

93
Q

crystal settling/fractional crystallization

A

the process whereby crystals form and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber to create diff textures and compositions

94
Q

end result of crystal settling?

A
  • a pluton/solid igneous intrusive rock that can have distinct layers of ultramafic, mafic, and felsic rock types
  • coarse/large on the bottom & fine/small on the top
95
Q

ultramafic rock contains

A
  • olivine
  • pyroxene
  • horneblende
96
Q

rock body definition

A

the shape and size of the rock once it is solid

97
Q

2 types of rock bodies

A
  1. deep

2. shallow

98
Q

deep rock bodies

A
  • large
  • form slowly underground
  • spherical (less affected by country rock)
99
Q

shallow rock bodies

A
  • form closer to the surface
  • small
  • more affected by nature of country rock
  • faults, fractures, etc in the country rock determine shape of rock body (column, vertical dike, flat sill)
100
Q

what are diamonds made of?

A

C

101
Q

diamonds form

A

deep in the mantle under extreme pres

102
Q

what differentiates it from its other C minerals?

A

crystalline structure

103
Q

kimberlite

A

an ultramafic igneous extrusive volcanic rock that is the source of most diamonds

104
Q

kimberlite eruptions

A
  • small, short violent eruptions prod a small volcanic deposit onto the surface
  • many occur w/in close proximity
105
Q

do all kimberlites contain diamonds?

A

no

106
Q

what type of crust are kimberlites found in?

A

only old archaean crust

107
Q

kimberlite deposits in Canada

A

look for scratches on bedrock and find direction of glacial movement to map direction of potential kimberlite deposit

108
Q

volcanic rocks are

A

igneous extrusive rocks

109
Q

volcanic rocks form when (2)

A
  1. lava cools and solidifies at or near the surface

2. rock fragments (plagioclastic debris) is ejected by a volcanoe

110
Q

volcanoe

A

a hill/mountain that forms over a hole in the eths crust, out of which comes gas, lava, and plagioclastic debris

111
Q

interior of a volcanoe (3)

A
  1. crater
  2. central vent
  3. magma chamber
112
Q

how are tsunamis created?

A

when a magma chamber/mountain collapses @ or beneath sea level

113
Q

Plinian eruption

A

straight up

114
Q

2 types of volcanoes

A
  1. explosive (Krakatoa)

2. non-explosive (Hawaii)

115
Q

non-explosive (7)

A
  • location: oceanic plate
  • mafic rock
  • low lava viscosity
  • low silicon content in rock (controls viscosity)
  • low amount of trapped gas due to low viscosity
  • common eruptions
  • long eruptions
116
Q

explosive (7)

A
  • location: continental plate
  • felsic rock
  • high lava viscosity
  • high silicon content (controls viscosity)
  • high amounts of trapped gas due to high viscosity
  • rarely erupts
  • short eruptions
117
Q

shield volcanoe

A
  • low, wide, dome shaped
  • a solid structure that forms when lava cools and solidifies
  • eg. Hawaii
118
Q

what are shield volcanoes created by?

A

a sustained outpouring of low viscosity lava

119
Q

composite/strato volcanoe

A
  • tall, steep sides feature that often stands out from flatter surroundings
  • eg. Mt Baker
120
Q

how are composite/strato volcanoes formed?

A

small amounts of lava and pyroclastic debris are ejected from the volcanoe by tiny eruptions

121
Q

cinder cone

A
  • small volcanic feature composed of pyroclastic debris

- eg. Geribaldi volcanic complex

122
Q

volcanic hazards (3)

A
  1. volcanic gases
  2. pyroclastic debris
  3. columnar structure
123
Q

most common volcanic gases (4)

A
  1. w
  2. CO2
  3. sulfur dioxide (+ w forms sulfuric acid)
  4. acid gases (hydrochloric & hydrofluoric)
124
Q

pyroclastic debris (large)

A

explosive eruption will eject large rock fragments &cause local devastation

125
Q

pyroclastic debris (ash)

A

ejected high in the atmos, affecting air travel and weather

126
Q

lahar

A

mudflow associated w/ a volcanic eruption (liq cement; destructive)

127
Q

glacial composite volcanoes

A
  • were covered by glacier during formation
  • prone to collapse after glaciers melt
  • adds to landslides after eruption
128
Q

columnar structure

A

hexagonal column of rock

129
Q

what does the columnar structure mean for cooling?

A
  • layer of hot uniform rock
  • same thickness and type of rock
  • shrinks/contracts, creating cracks
130
Q

formation of the eth (7)

A
  1. formed from the concentration of a nebula
  2. heat was generated by radioactive decay + conversion of kinetic E to heat E
  3. formed a hot, molten, homogenous mass (rocks mixed)
  4. eth cooled and minerals started to separate into a core, mantle, and crust (heavy minerals sank, light floated to surface)
  5. liq w on the surface came from degassing of the crust as it cooled + comets’ impact
  6. early atmos came from degassing crust (O came later from Photosynth activity by microorganisms)
  7. life

Geology 1110 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions